AMYB_SOYBN_svm.func:
7777485: Conserved Glu 187 , believed to play an important role in catalysis , is located at the cleft between the ( alpha / beta)8 barrel core and a small domain made up of three long loops ( L3 , L4 , and L5 ) .
7777485: Conserved Cys 96 , important in the inactivation of enzyme activity by sulfhydryl reagents , is located at the entrance of the ( alpha / beta)8 barrel .
8103452: Sequence analysis of the inactivated enzyme revealed that Glu187 was specifically esterified by the affinity labeling with the above reagent , proposing that Glu187 is a potent candidate involved directly in the catalysis with this plant beta-amylase .
10617198: The higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana ( Arabidopsis ) is an important model for identifying plant genes and determining their function .
10617198: Roughly 60 % of the predicted protein-coding genes have been functionally characterized on the basis of their homology to known genes .
10617198: Many genes encode predicted proteins that are homologous to human and Caenorhabditis elegans proteins .
9847126: Our results show no clear association between beta-amylase activity or transcript abundance and starch hydrolysis in alfalfa roots .
9847126: The great abundance of beta-amylase and its unexpected patterns of gene expression and protein accumulation support our current belief that this protein serves a storage function in roots of this perennial species .
2446870: Southern blotting of genomic DNA demonstrates that beta-amylase is encoded by a small gene family , while cDNA sequence analysis indicates the presence of at least two types of mRNA in the endosperm .
8334116: New crystallographic findings are presented which offer a deeper understanding of the structure and functioning of beta-amylase , the first known exo-type starch-hydrolyzing enzyme .
8334116: Rather , it occupies most of the cleft entrance , strongly suggesting that alpha-cyclodextrin inhibits catalysis by blocking substrate access to the more deeply located reaction center .
8174545: To determine which amino acid residues are essential for the catalytic activity of soybean beta-amylase , deoxyoligonucleotide site-directed mutagenesis was employed against aspartyl , glutamyl , and cysteinyl residues located in highly conserved regions found in beta-amylase family to date .
9677422: The enzyme was expressed in Escherichia coli at a high level as a soluble and catalytically active protein .
9677422: The purified recombinant enzyme had properties nearly identical to those of native soybean beta-amylase and formed the same crystals as the native enzyme .
9677422: The root mean square deviation in the position of C-alpha atoms between this recombinant enzyme and the native enzyme was 0.22 A. These results indicate that the expression system established here is suitable for studying structure-function relationships of beta-amylase .
9677422: This suggests that the binding site of the cyclodextrins is important for its holding of a cleaved substrate , which enables the multiple attack mechanism of beta-amylase .
7716246: These results suggest that the gene for beta-amylase of Arabidopsis is subject to regulation by a carbohydrate metabolic signal , and expression of the gene in various tissues may be regulated by the carbon partitioning and sink-source interactions in the whole plant .
7716246: These results suggest that a light-induced signal and de novo synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm are involved in the regulation .
8011643: The beta-amylase soaked with maltal shows a similar arrangement of two bound molecules of 2-deoxymaltose , the enzymic hydration product .
14593172: We identified 5817 novel transcription units , including a substantial amount of antisense gene transcription , and 40 genes within the genetically defined centromeres .
14593172: This approach resulted in completion of approximately 30 % of the Arabidopsis ORFeome as a resource for global functional experimentation of the plant proteome .
8188635: Our findings described above showed Met-527 is reasonable .
9461215: The plant Arabidopsis thaliana ( Arabidopsis ) has become an important model species for the study of many aspects of plant biology .
8319688: Employing the established expression and purification system of the enzyme , the functional ionizable groups in the active site were searched .
8319688: His93 , involving an imidazole , and Asp348 , involving a carboxylate , in the highly conserved regions within the beta-amylases were replaced by Arg ( H93R ) and Ash ( D348N ) by site-directed mutagenesis , respectively .
8319688: Therefore , neither His93 nor Asp348 may participate in the catalytic reaction directly .
2474529: Soybean beta-amylase was modified with 2,3-epoxypropyl alpha-D-[U-14C]glucopyranoside ( [ 14C]alpha-EPG ) , a radioactive affinity-labeling reagent for beta-amylase , until it lost 95 % of its enzyme activity .
2474529: It was concluded that the carboxylate of Glu-186 is a functional group at the catalytic site of soybean beta-amylase .


ANXB_HUMAN_svm.func:
7508441: Patients ' sera recognize preferentially the N-terminal region of the protein , which is specific for 56K / annexin XI and not shared by other annexins , indicating that the autoimmune response to 56K / annexin XI in these patients is specific for this annexin family member .
11013079: The genomic organization of the annexin A11 gene was determined in mouse and human to assess its congruity with other family members and to examine the species variation in alternative splicing patterns .
11013079: Distinct cDNA isoforms in cow and human were determined to be unique to each species and hence of dubious general significance for this gene 's function .
1535225: We recently described a new member of this family , bovine annexin XI [ 1 ] .
8938449: A previously described peptide from Aplysia brasiliana was identified as a closely related invertebrate homologue .
8938449: Since annexin XI is known to be localized in the nucleus at certain stages of development , the identification of a region in tetrad repeats 3 and 4 resembling the " chromo box" domain may be relevant to a nuclear regulatory function of annexin XI .
1380798: CAP-50 is a member of annexin family proteins which binds specifically to calcyclin in a Ca2 + dependent manner ( Tokumitsu .


BRS3_HUMAN_svm.func:
8131855: The gene encoding the human homologue of the guinea pig uterine bombesin receptor [ ( 1992 ) Eur .
9573346: Bombesin (BN)-like peptides / neurotransmitters mediate a broad range of physiological funtions in the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system through binding to their specific , high-affinity mammalian bombesin receptors .
9573346: This family of heptahelical , G-protein coupled receptors includes the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor ( GRP-R , or bb2 ) , neuromedin B receptor ( NMB-R , or bb1 ) , and the bombesin receptor subtype 3 ( BRS-3 , or bb3 ) .
8383682: The bombesin (BN)-like peptides mediate a diverse spectrum of biological activities and have been implicated as autocrine growth factors in the pathogenesis and progression of some human small cell lung carcinoma tumors .
8383682: Previously , two mammalian BN-like peptide receptor subtypes , gastrin-releasing peptide receptor and neuromedin-B receptor , have been cloned and characterized .
8383682: In this study , we have isolated and characterized human genomic and complementary DNA ( cDNA ) clones encoding a new BN-like peptide receptor subtype , BN receptor subtype 3 ( BRS-3 ) .
8383682: Expression of BRS-3 cDNA in Xenopus oocytes encodes a functional receptor that is specifically activated by BN-like peptides .
8383682: These results suggest a role for BN-like peptides and their receptors in mammalian reproductive physiology and also indicate that BRS-3 could serve as a potential therapeutic target for human lung carcinoma .
1325907: The cloned cDNA encodes a 399-amino-acid protein and shows the highest amino acid similarity to members of the bombesin receptor family ; 52 % and 47 % similarity to the gastrin-releasing-peptide ( GRP ) receptor and the neuromedin-B receptor , respectively .
1325907: The relative order of ligand affinity , GRP = neuromedin C much greater than neuromedin B , suggests that the cloned cDNA represents the GRP subtype rather than the neuromedin-B subtype of bombesin receptors .
10425452: The bombesin receptor subtype 3 ( BRS-3 ) is considered an orphan receptor as it has a low affinity for bombesin-like peptides and no identified natural ligand .
10425452: Highly conserved amino acids important in mediating receptor G-protein coupling to second messengers and important in ligand binding were found to be conserved in ovine BRS-3 .
10425452: His(294) was previously identified as important in ligand-receptor interactions while Arg(294) was implicated in high ligand affinity .
10425452: Cloning of the ovine BRS-3 gene will permit a detailed functional analysis of this receptor in the sheep and its role in the mediation of action of uterine GRP .
9262170: We cloned the genes for the mouse homologue of the neuromedin B receptor ( NMB-R ) and the bombesin receptor subtype 3 ( BRS-3 ) .
9262170: Together with the mouse GRP-R gene cloned previously , cloning of the mouse NMB-R and BRS-3 genes permits comparison of function and structure of the three bombesin receptor subtypes in the mouse .


CB2R_HUMAN_svm.func:
7689702: Marijuana , and delta 9-THC , also exert a wide range of other effects including analgesia , anti-inflammation , immunosuppression , anticonvulsion , alleviation of intraocular pressure in glaucoma , and attenuation of vomiting .
7689702: Progress stemmed initially from the synthesis of potent derivatives of delta 9-THC , and more recently from the cloning of a gene encoding a G-protein-coupled receptor for cannabinoids .
7689702: It has been proposed that the nonpsychoactive effects of cannabinoids are either mediated centrally or through direct interaction with other , non-receptor proteins .
10688601: Many of the pharmacological effects of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol are mediated through CB(1) and CB(2) cannabinoid receptors .
10688601: Furthermore , unlike the CB(1) receptor , the sequences of the mouse and human CB(2) receptor are divergent , raising the possibility of species specificity .
10688601: The rat CB(2) receptor genomic clone will be a useful tool for studying the function and regulation of CB(2) in rats .
8679694: We have cloned the peripheral cannabinoid receptor , mCB2 , from a mouse splenocyte cDNA library .
8679694: Binding experiments with membranes from COS-3 cells transiently expressing mCB2 showed that the synthetic cannabinoid WIN 55212 - 2 had a 6-fold lower affinity for mCB2 than for hCB2 , whereas both receptors showed similar affinities for the agonists CP 55,940 , delta(9)-THC and anandamide and almost no affinity for the central receptor - ( CB1 ) specific antagonist SR 141716A .
8679694: Both hCB2 and mCB2 mediate agonist-stimulated inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP production in CHO cell lines permanently expressing the receptors .
8679694: SR 141716A failed to antagonize this activity in either cell line , confirming its specificity for CB1 .
9261404: The genes encoding the peripheral cannabinoid receptor ( Cnr2 ) and alpha-L-fucosidase ( Fuca1 ) were identified near the integration site by using a novel exon trapping system .
9261404: The Cnr2 gene encodes a seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor which is normally expressed in hematopoietic tissues .
9261404: Our data suggest that the peripheral cannabinoid receptor gene might be involved in leukemogenesis as a result of aberrant expression of Cnr2 due to retroviral integration in Evi11 .
12084572: The importance of the carboxy terminus in regulating CB2 receptor desensitization and internalization is well-established .
12084572: Thus , the profound differences identified in this region of the CB2 receptor between species mandates caution when extrapolating experimental results from non-human models to the effects of chronic CB2 receptor stimulation in humans .


DVL3_MOUSE_svm.func:
8922524: The Drosophila dishevelled ( dsh ) segment polarity gene is required to establish cell fates specified by wingless / Wnt signal transduction during development .
8817329: The Drosophila dishevelled gene ( dsh ) encodes a secreted glycoprotein , which regulates cell proliferation , acting as a transducer molecule for developmental processes , including segmentation and neuroblast specification .
8817329: DVL-1 and DVL-3 are members of a human dsh-like gene family , which is probably involved in human development .
11354832: Furthermore , DVL-1 is involved in the Notch signalling system , which plays a role in the disorder cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy , the symptoms of , which include ischaemic stroke .
8644734: The pivotal role of dsh in fly development suggests an analogous key function in vertebrate embryogenesis of its homologue genes .
9132266: We have characterized the genomic organization of a mouse homolog ( Dvl-1 ) of Drosophila dishevelled , a segment polarity gene required for wingless signal transduction .
9132266: Promoter-luciferase constructs have demonstrated that the promoter is functional in transfection assays and that its activity is orientation dependent .
7744250: Wingless ( Wg ) is an important signaling molecule in the development of Drosophila , but little is known about its signal transduction pathway .
7744250: Genetic evidence indicates that another segment polarity gene , dishevelled ( dsh ) is required for Wg signaling .
7744250: We have recently developed a cell culture system for Wg protein activity , and using this in vitro system as well as intact Drosophila embryos , we have analyzed biochemical changes in the Dsh protein as a consequence of Wg signaling .
7744250: We find that Dsh is a phosphoprotein , normally present in the cytoplasm .
7744250: Overexpressed Dsh becomes hyperphosphorylated in the absence of extracellular Wg and increases levels of the Armadillo protein , thereby mimicking the Wg signal .
7744250: We conclude that dsh , a highly conserved gene , is not merely a permissive factor in Wg signaling but encodes a novel signal transduction molecule , which may function between the Wg receptor and more downstream signaling molecules .
8887313: dsh encodes the earliest-acting and most specific known component of the signal transduction pathway of Wingless , an extracellular signal homologous to Wnt1 in mice .
8887313: We have previously described the isolation and characterization of the Dvl1 mouse dsh homolog .
8887313: Thus , Dvl2 encodes a mammalian homolog of dsh which can transduce the Wingless signal .
8149913: We propose that dishevelled encodes an intracellular protein required to respond to a wingless signal and that this interaction is essential for establishing both cell polarity and cell identity .
9192851: Three human genes encoding proteins homologous to Drosophila Dishevelled protein were cloned and characterized .
9192851: Our results indicate that the human dishevelled genes constitute a multigene family and that Dishevelled proteins are highly conserved among metazoans .
9298901: These results are consistent with an interpretation that common genetic mechanisms underlie abnormal social behavior and sensorimotor gating deficits and implicate Dvl1 in processes underlying complex behaviors .
8288125: The Drosophila Wnt-1 homolog , wingless ( wg ) , is involved in the signaling of patterning information in several contexts .
8288125: The dishevelled ( dsh ) gene mediates these signaling events as well as wg-dependent induction across tissue layers in the embryonic midgut .
8288125: dsh is also required for the development processes in which wg functions in adult development .
8288125: Overall , cells lacking dsh are unable to adopt fates specified by Wg. dsh functions cell autonomously , indicating that it is involved in the response of target cells to the Wg signal .
8288125: dsh is expressed uniformly in the embryo and encodes a novel protein with no known catalytic motifs , although it shares a domain of homology with several junction-associated proteins .
8288125: Our results demonstrate that dsh encodes a specific component of Wg signaling and illustrate that Wnt proteins may utilize a novel mechanism of extracellular signal transduction .
9039502: Among the known genes to which significant similarity was shown , the genes that play key roles in regulation of developmental stages , apoptosis and cell-to-cell interaction were included .
9039502: Taking into account of both the search data on sequence similarity and protein motifs , at least seven genes were considered to be related to transcriptional regulation and six genes to signal transduction .
9344861: dishevelled ( Dsh ) is a member of the segment polarity gene family in Drosophila which plays an important role in the early developmental patterning processes .
9344861: A human homologue of Dsh ( DVL-1 ) has recently been described .
9344861: The data indicates that DVL-3 is widely expressed in human cells and supports the notion of a new developmental gene family for dishevelled which may have a widespread role in signal transduction .
7958461: In the Drosophila embryo dishevelled ( dsh ) function is required by target cells in order to respond to wingless ( wg , the homolog of Wnt-1 ) , demonstrating a role for dsh in Wnt signal transduction .
7958461: Similarity searches of protein and DNA data bases revealed that Dvl-1 encodes an otherwise novel polypeptide .
7600981: Signaling factors of the Wnt proto-oncogene family are implicated in dorsal axis formation during vertebrate development , but the molecular mechanism of this process is not known .
7600981: Studies in Drosophila have indicated that the dishevelled gene product is required for wingless ( Wnt1 homolog ) signal transduction .
7600981: These studies suggest that Wnt signal transduction pathway is conserved between Drosophila and vertebrates and point to a role for maternal Xdsh product in dorsal axis formation and in neural induction .


ELIA_PHYCP_svm.func:
7763784: We found that Phytophthora megasperma megasperma produces two elicitin isoforms , each belonging to a different physico-chemical class , although the beta elicitin was less toxic than other beta ones .
7763784: In addition to the point mutation already known to correlate with the differences in necrotic activities between alpha and beta isoforms , we found another region of the molecule likely to be involved in the regulation of the toxicity .
9385630: Cryptogein belongs to a new family of 10-kDa proteins called elicitins .
9385630: Elicitins are necrotic and signaling proteins secreted by Phytophthora spp. responsible for the incompatible reaction and systemic hypersensitive-like necroses of diverse plant species leading to resistance against fungal or bacterial plant pathogens .
9385630: Residue 13 , which has been identified from directed mutagenesis and natural sequence comparison studies as a key amino acid involved in the differential control of necrosis , is surface exposed and could contribute to the binding to a ligand or a receptor .
1368359: This residue could be either an active or a regulatory site , involved in the interaction with a receptor responsible for necrosis induction .
8664508: We have isolated and cloned sequences encoding cryptogein and related isoforms from P. cryptogea that belong to the elicitin family .
8664508: Southern hybridization revealed that elicitins are encoded by a multigene family in several other species of Phytophthora .
8664508: Involvement of elicitins in plant-pathogen interactions is discussed .
8274771: Extracellular elicitor proteins ( elicitins ) from Phytophthora species induce local and distal defense responses specifically in plants of the Solanaceae and Cruciferae .
8274771: Southern blot analysis indicated that elicitin genes occur as a multigene family ( at least two to 10 copies ) in P. parasitica , P. capsici , P. citricola , P. citrophthora , P. cryptogea , P. drechsleri , P. megasperma , and P. palmivora .
8031752: Capsicein belongs to the elicitin family , elicitor molecules having toxic and signaling properties that are secreted by Phytophthora fungi , responsible for the incompatible hypersensitive reaction of diverse plant species leading to resistance against fungal or bacterial plant pathogens .
8994969: BACKGROUND : Elicitins form a novel class of plant necrotic proteins which are secreted by Phytophthora and Pythium fungi , parasites of many economically important crops .
8994969: These proteins induce leaf necrosis in infected plants and elicit an incompatible hypersensitive-like reaction , leading to the development of a systemic acquired resistance against a range of fungal and bacterial plant pathogens .
8994969: CONCLUSIONS : The determination of the crystal structure of a member of the elicitin family may make it possible to separate the activity that causes leaf necrosis from that inducing systemic acquired resistance to pathogens , making it feasible to engineer a non-toxic elicitin that only elicits plant defences .


FLGK_ECOLI_svm.func:
11677609: The distribution of close homologues of S. typhimurium LT2 genes in eight related enterobacteria was determined using previously completed genomes of three related bacteria , sample sequencing of both S. enterica serovar Paratyphi A ( S. paratyphi A ) and Klebsiella pneumoniae , and hybridization of three unsequenced genomes to a microarray of S. typhimurium LT2 genes .
11677609: The 352 gene homologues of S. typhimurium LT2 confined to subspecies I of S. enterica-containing most mammalian and bird pathogens-are useful for studies of epidemiology , host specificity and pathogenesis .
11677609: Most of these homologues were previously unknown , and 50 may be exported to the periplasm or outer membrane , rendering them accessible as therapeutic or vaccine targets .
2544561: The flgH , flgI , and fliF genes of Salmonella typhimurium encode the major proteins for the L , P , and M rings of the flagellar basal body .
2544561: The flgJ gene , immediately adjacent to flgI and the last gene of the flgB operon , encodes a flagellar protein of unknown function whose deduced sequence was hydrophilic and may correspond to a cytoplasmic protein .
2544561: Several aspects of the DNA sequence of these genes and their surrounds suggest complex regulation of the flagellar gene system .
2544561: A notable example occurs within the flgB operon , where between the end of flgG ( encoding the distal rod protein of the basal body ) and the start of flgH ( encoding the L-ring protein ) there was an unusually long noncoding region containing a potential stem-loop sequence , which could attenuate termination of transcription or stabilize part of the transcript against degradation .
8158647: However , filaments rotating counterclockwise close to a glass surface transformed from normal to straight , while filaments rotating clockwise transformed from curly to straight .
8158647: Our results show that the ability of a filament composed of normal flagellin subunits to resist mechanical stress depends on the structure of the protein ( HAP3 ) to which it is attached at its base .
9278503: Of 4288 protein-coding genes annotated , 38 percent have no attributed function .
12644504: While CT18 carries two plasmids , one conferring multiple drug resistance , Ty2 has no plasmids and is sensitive to antibiotics .
2193164: Thus the basis for recognition of a protein for export by the flagellum-specific pathway remains to be identified .
11677608: Many S. enterica serovars actively invade the mucosal surface of the intestine but are normally contained in healthy individuals by the local immune defence mechanisms .
11677608: Notably , the genome sequence identifies over two hundred pseudogenes , several corresponding to genes that are known to contribute to virulence in Salmonella typhimurium .
11677608: This genetic degradation may contribute to the human-restricted host range for S. typhi .


GAA6_CHICK_svm.func:
11992121: Compared with wildtype receptors , GABA(A) receptors that contain the mutant subunit show a lesser amplitude of GABA-activated currents in vitro , indicating that seizures may result from loss of function of this inhibitory ligand-gated channel .
1710013: We report the sequence of a complementary DNA ( cDNA ) that encodes the chicken GABAA receptor alpha 1 subunit , which is extremely homologous to mammalian alpha 1 subunits .
1710013: These results suggest that the alpha 1 subunit may not necessarily be restricted to receptors having BZI pharmacology .
10602120: These are : Glutamate receptor subunit 3 ( GLUR3 ) , GABA receptor subunit alpha 3 ( GABRA3 ) , GABA receptor subunit e 1 ( GABRE1 ) , Vacuolar ATPase subunit 1 ( VATPS1 , XAP3 ) , the human homologue of plexin 3-SEX ( XAP6 ) and the Synaptobrevin-like protein ( SYBL1 ) .
10602120: Major rearrangements involving these genes were excluded by Southern analysis .
1846404: gamma-Aminobutyric acidA ( GABAA ) receptors are multisubunit ligand-gated ion channels which mediate neuronal inhibition by GABA and are composed of at least four subunit types ( alpha , beta , gamma , and delta ) .
1846404: The gamma 2-subunit appears to be essential for benzodiazepine modulation of GABAA receptor function .
1846404: LLRMFSFK , in the major intracellular loop between proposed transmembrane domains M3 and M4 .
1846404: These results suggest a novel mechanism for the regulation of the GABAA receptor by protein phosphorylation .
3037384: Amino-acid sequences derived from complementary DNAs encoding the alpha - and beta-subunits of the GABA / benzodiazepine receptor from bovine brain show homology with other ligand-gated receptor subunits , suggesting that there is a super-family of ion-channel-containing receptors .
3037384: Co-expression of the in vitro-generated alpha-subunit and beta-subunit RNAs in Xenopus oocytes produces a functional receptor and ion channel with the pharmacological properties characteristic of the GABAA receptor .
9339354: We have isolated and sequenced a novel human gene ( GABRE ) of the GABAA neurotransmitter receptor family .
9339354: Based on features of conservation of protein sequences , gene structure , and genomic organization of GABAA receptor gene clusters , we propose that the epsilon and gamma subunit genes have a common ancestor and that GABAA receptor gene clusters in the human genome have diverged by multiple duplication events of an ancestral gene cluster containing one each alpha , beta , and gamma / epsilon precursor gene .
2561977: We suggest that these polypeptides together produce GABA-gated ion channels that can also open spontaneously .
8780005: The conservation of this expression pattern suggests that gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors possessing the alpha 6 subunit are of fundamental importance for cerebellar function and that the corresponding gene regulatory elements , e.g. , granule cell-specific enhancers , have also been conserved .
2842688: When gamma-aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) , the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in vertebrate brain , binds to its receptor it activates a chloride channel .
2842688: Neurotransmitter action at the GABAA receptor is potentiated by both benzodiazepines and barbiturates which are therapeutically useful drugs ( reviewed in ref .
2842688: There is strong evidence that this receptor is heterogeneous .
2842688: We have previously isolated complementary DNAs encoding an alpha - and a beta-subunit and shown that both are needed for expression of a functional GABAA receptor .
2842688: We have now isolated cDNAs encoding two additional GABAA receptor alpha-subunits , confirming the heterogeneous nature of the receptor / chloride channel complex and demonstrating a molecular basis for it .
2842688: Highly homologous receptor subtypes which differ functionally seem to be a common feature of brain receptors .
1356407: Gamma-aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) , the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain , opens chloride channels through actions on GABAA receptors .
2166916: The heterogeneity of benzodiazepine recognition sites in the central nervous system was revealed by studies showing different classes of GABAA receptor subunits ( classes alpha , beta and gamma ) and variant subunits in these classes , particularly in the alpha-class .
2166916: Expression of recombinant subunits produces functional receptors ; when certain alpha-variants are coexpressed with beta - and gamma-subunits the resulting receptors have pharmacological properties characteristic of GABAA-benzodiazepine type I or type II receptors .
7607683: The existence of an alpha 2-alpha 4-beta 1-gamma 1 cluster on chromosome 4 and an alpha 1-alpha 6-beta 2-gamma 2 cluster on chromosome 5 provides further evidence that the number of ancestral GABAA receptor subunit genes has been expanded by duplication within an ancestral gene cluster .
8719414: A cDNA encoding the gamma 3 subunit of the human GABAA receptor has been obtained by molecular cloning .
9039914: A common feature of general anaesthetic agents is their ability to potentiate neuronal inhibition through GABA(A) ( gamma-aminobutyric acid ) receptors .
9039914: At concentrations relevant to clinical anaesthesia , these agents cause a dramatic stimulation of the chloride currents that are evoked by the binding of the natural ligand , GABA .
9039914: Variations in subunit composition can have profound effects on the sensitivity of GABA(A) receptors to modulatory agents such as benzodiazepines .
9039914: Here we describe a new class of human GABA(A) receptor subunit ( epsilon ) that can assemble with alpha - and beta-subunits and confer an insensitivity to the potentiating effects of intravenous anaesthetic agents .
9039914: The expression pattern of this subunit in the brain suggests a new target for manipulation of neuronal pathways within the basal ganglia .
1849552: Other workers have previously shown that the alpha polypeptides of the GABAA receptor largely determine the BZ binding properties of reconstituted receptors .
1849552: The distribution of alpha 2 mRNAs in rat brain suggests that the alpha 2 subunit may indeed be involved in the BZ type II receptors .
9084408: GABA-gated chloride channels are the main inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the CNS .
9084408: Conserved domains among members of previously described GABAA receptor subunits were used to design degenerate sense and antisense oligonucleotides .
9084408: The predicted protein has many of the features shared by other members of the ligand-gated ion channel family .
9084408: This channel subunit has significant amino acid identity ( 25 - 40 % ) with members of GABAA and GABAC receptor subunits and thus may represent a new subfamily of the GABA receptor channel .
9084408: Our results suggest that novel GABA receptors expressed outside of the CNS may regulate cardiac function .
1311098: Cloned cDNAs encoding a member of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor gamma-subunit class were isolated from rat-brain-mRNA-derived libraries .
1311098: In coexpression experiments with the alpha 1 and beta 2 subunits , gamma 3 imparts benzodiazepine binding to gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors and forms gamma-aminobutyric acid-gated benzodiazepine-modulated chloride channels that exhibit a larger conductance than alpha 1 beta 2 receptor channels .
2538761: Neurotransmission effected by GABA ( gamma-aminobutyric acid ) is predominantly mediated by a gated chloride channel intrinsic to the GABAA receptor .
2538761: This heterooligomeric receptor exists in most inhibitory synapses in the vertebrate central nervous system ( CNS ) and can be regulated by clinically important compounds such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates .
2538761: Co-expression of these subunits in heterologous systems generates receptors which display much of the pharmacology of their neural counterparts , including potentiation by barbiturates .
2538761: Importantly , coexpression of the gamma 2 subunit with alpha 1 and beta 1 subunits produces GABAA receptors displaying high-affinity binding for central benzodiazepine receptor ligands .
2167378: GABA ( gamma-aminobutyric acid ) , the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain , mediates neuronal inhibition by opening a chloride channel integral to the GABAA receptor .
2167378: Since the isolation of cDNAs encoding GABAA receptor alpha 1 and beta 1 subunits , a further eight subunits have been identified .
2167378: These subunits show GABAA receptor heterogeneity , unpredicted from classical pharmacological studies .
2167378: I now report the isolation of a mouse cDNA clone encoding a novel GABAA receptor alpha subunit .
11003197: Candidate genes within this QTL encode the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A ( GABA A ) receptor gamma2 , alpha1 , alpha6 , and beta2 subunits .
11003197: We recently identified a coding sequence polymorphism between the B6 and D2 strains for the GABA A receptor gamma2 subunit gene ( Gabrg2 ) .
11003197: CONCLUSIONS : Functionally relevant variation in Gabrg2 , or a closely linked gene , is correlated genetically with some , but not all , behavioral responses to alcohol .
11326274: Major advances in the identification of genes implicated in idiopathic epilepsy have been made .
11326274: Disruption of GABAergic neurotransmission mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) has been implicated in epilepsy for many decades .
11326274: We now report a K289M mutation in the GABA(A) receptor gamma2-subunit gene ( GABRG2 ) that segregates in a family with a phenotype closely related to GEFS + ( ref .
11326274: We thus provide the first genetic evidence that a GABA(A) receptor is directly involved in human idiopathic epilepsy .
2157817: Based on these findings , a reclassification of the GABAA / benzodiazepine receptors is warranted .
2165521: GABAA receptors , the major synaptic targets for the neurotransmitter GABA , constitute gated chloride channels .
2165521: By their allosteric , drug-induced modulation , they serve as control elements for the regulation of anxiety , vigilance , and epileptiform activity .
2165521: The structural requirements of fully functional GABAA receptors in the mammalian brain have remained elusive so far .
2165521: In the absence of GABA , pentobarbital elicited a maximal current amplitude similar to that of GABA .
1702226: Diversity of gamma-aminobutyrate type A ( GABAA ) receptors has recently been proposed to be achieved by assembly of receptor subtypes from a multitude of subunits ( alpha 1 - 6 , beta 1 - 3 , gamma 1 - 2 , and delta ) encoded by different genes .
1702226: This mechanism for creating GABAA receptor diversity may allow differential regulation of the function of receptor subtypes .
9892355: Type-A receptors for the neurotransmitter GABA ( gamma-aminobutyric acid ) are ligand-gated chloride channels that mediate inhibitory neurotransmission .
9892355: Each subunit of the pentameric receptor protein has ligand-binding sites in the amino-terminal extracellular domain and four membrane-spanning regions , one of which forms a wall of the ion channel .
9892355: Each subunit also has a large intracellular loop that may be a target for protein kinases and be required for subcellular targeting and membrane clustering of the receptor , perhaps by anchoring the receptor to the cytoskeleton .
9892355: Other members of the superfamily of ligand-gated ion-channel receptors associate in postsynaptic-membrane clusters by binding to the proteins rapsyn or gephyrin .
9892355: Here we identify a new cellular protein , GABA(A)-receptor-associated protein ( GABARAP ) , which can interact with the gamma2 subunit of GABA(A) receptors .
9892355: GABARAP binds to GABA(A) receptors both in vitro and in vivo , and co-localizes with the punctate staining of GABA(A) receptors on cultured cortical neurons .
9892355: The interactions among GABA(A) receptors , GABARAP and tubulin suggest a mechanism for the targeting and clustering of GABA(A) receptors .
2561970: The gamma 2 subunit is the rat homolog of the human gamma 2 subunit recently shown to be important for benzodiazepine pharmacology .
2561970: These findings have implications for the composition of two different GABAA receptor subtypes and for information processing in networks using GABA for signaling .
11326275: We have found a mutation in a gene encoding a GABA(A) receptor subunit in a large family with epilepsy .
8719416: This recombinant receptor complex showed a high affinity for the previously described benzodiazepine partial agonist bretazenill , the pyrazoloquinoline compounds CGS-9895 and CGS-9896 , as well as the inverse agonists DMCM ( methyl 6,7-dimethoxy 4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate ) and Ro15-4513 as determined by [ 3H]Ro15-4513 binding .
8719416: Our study thus suggests that this subpopulation of diazepam-insensitive GABAA receptors may be composed of alpha 4 beta 2 gamma 2 L subunits .
2170110: When co-expressed with alpha and beta subunits in Xenopus oocytes and mammalian cells , the gamma variants mediate the potentiation of GABA evoked currents by benzodiazepines and help generate high-affinity binding sites for these drugs .
2170110: These findings reveal a pronounced effect of gamma subunit variants on GABAA / benzodiazepine receptor pharmacology .
2153588: The deduced polypeptide sequences share major characteristics with other chemically gated ion channel proteins .
2153588: One polypeptide represents the rat homologue of the alpha 3 subunit previously cloned from bovine brain , while the other polypeptide is a yet known subunit , termed alpha 5 .
8397108: We have isolated a cDNA , from the chicken , that encodes a fourth type of gamma subunit of the vertebrate brain GABAA receptor .
2465923: The cloned human GABAA receptor subunits induce the formation of GABA-gated chloride channels when expressed in mammalian cells .
12466851: These are clustered into 33,409 ' transcriptional units ' , contributing 90.1 % of a newly established mouse transcriptome database .
12466851: In protein-coding transcripts , 79 % of splice variations altered the protein product .


HH1R_BOVIN_svm.func:
8917588: From pharmacological studies using histamine antagonists and agonists , it has been demonstrated that histamine modulates many physiological functions of the hypothalamus , such as arousal state , locomotor activity , feeding , and drinking .
8917588: Three kinds of receptors ( H1 , H2 , and H3 ) mediate these actions .
8917588: To define the contribution of the histamine H1 receptors ( H1R ) to behavior , mutant mice lacking the H1R were generated by homologous recombination .
8917588: These results indicate that through H1R , histamine is involved in circadian rhythm of locomotor activity and exploratory behavior as a neurotransmitter .
8294913: An intronless DNA encoding the guinea pig H1 receptor was cloned from a genomic library using probes derived from the bovine H1 receptor .
8294913: The protein displays a 66 % homology with the bovine receptor .
12595443: In vivo intoxication with Bordetella pertussis toxin ( PTX ) elicits a variety of physiological responses including a marked leukocytosis , disruption of glucose regulation , adjuvant activity , alterations in vascular function , hypersensitivity to vasoactive agents , and death .
12595443: We recently identified Bphs , the locus controlling PTX-induced hypersensitivity to the vasoactive amine histamine , as the histamine H(1) receptor ( Hrh1 ) .
12595443: These results indicate that the phenotypic variation in responsiveness to PTX reflects the genetic control of distinct intermediate phenotypes rather than allelic variation in genes controlling overall susceptibility to intoxication .
7678492: A rat histamine H1 receptor gene which lacked introns was isolated from a rat genomic library using recently cloned bovine histamine H1 receptor cDNA [ Yamashita et al . ,
7678492: The receptor protein deduced from this isolated gene was composed of 486 amino acids and showed characteristic properties of G protein-coupled receptors .
1722337: The H1 receptor cDNA encodes a protein of 491 amino acids ( Mr 55,954 ) with seven putative transmembrane domains , illustrating the similarity to other receptors that couple with guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins ( G protein-coupled receptors ) .
1722337: The cloned receptor protein expressed in COS-7 cells bound specifically to [ 3H]mepyramine , an H1 receptor antagonist , and this binding was displaced by H1 receptor antagonists and histamine with affinities comparable with those in membranes of bovine adrenal medulla .
1722337: This investigation discloses the molecular nature of the H1 receptor--a receptor that mediates diverse neuronal and peripheral actions of histamine and that may be of therapeutic importance in allergy .
8812432: We report here the molecular cloning of a mouse histamine H1 receptor gene .
8003029: The human histamine H1 receptor gene , an intron-lacking gene , was isolated with bovine H1 receptor cDNA [ Yamashita , M. , Fukui , H. , Sugama , K. , Horio , Y. , Ito , S. , Mizuguchi , H. , and Wada , H. ( 1991 ) Proc .
8003029: The receptor protein deduced from the nucleotide sequence of this gene was composed of 487 amino acid residues with a calculated Mr of 55,781 and possessed characteristic properties of GTP binding protein-coupled receptors .
12466851: These are clustered into 33,409 ' transcriptional units ' , contributing 90.1 % of a newly established mouse transcriptome database .
12466851: In protein-coding transcripts , 79 % of splice variations altered the protein product .


HUGA_VESVU_svm.func:
7876212: We showed previously the sequence identity of Dol m 5 with a plant protein and a mammalian testis protein and of Dol m 1 with mammalian lipases .
7682712: The venom of honeybees , Apis mellifera , contains several biologically active peptides and two enzymes , one of which is a hyaluronidase .
7682712: The sequence of the precursor also indicated that the conversion of the pro-enzyme to the end product must involve cleavage of a Thr-Pro bond , a most unusual processing reaction .
7682712: Interestingly , the hyaluronidase from bee venom glands exhibited significant homology to PH-20 , a membrane protein of guinea pig sperm involved in sperm-egg adhesion .


KBF2_HUMAN_svm.func:
11239468: Processing of the nf(kappa)b2 gene product p100 to generate p52 is an important step in NF-kappaB regulation .
11239468: We show that this step is negatively regulated by a processing-inhibitory domain ( PID ) within p100 and positively regulated by the NF-kappaB-inducing kinase ( NIK ) .
11239468: While the PID suppresses the constitutive processing of p100 , NIK induces p100 processing by stimulating site-specific phosphorylation and ubiquitination of this precursor protein .
11239468: These data suggest that NIK is a specific kinase regulating p100 processing and explain why the aly and nf(kappa)b2 knockout mice exhibit similar immune deficiencies .
9450761: The NF-kappaB p50 / p65 heterodimer is the classical member of the Rel family of transcription factors which regulate diverse cellular functions such as immune response , cell growth , and development .
9450761: Other mammalian Rel family members , including the proteins p52 , proto-oncoprotein c-Rel , and RelB , all have amino-terminal Rel-homology regions ( RHRs ) .
9450761: The RHR is responsible for the dimerization , DNA binding and cytosolic localization of these proteins by virtue of complex formation with inhibitor kappaB proteins .
9450761: Signal-induced removal of kappaB inhibitors allows translocation of dimers to the cell nucleus and transcriptional regulation of kappaB DNA-containing genes .
9865694: IkappaBalpha regulates the transcription factor NF-kappaB through the formation of stable IkappaBalpha / NF-kappaB complexes .
9865694: Prior to induction , IkappaBalpha retains NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm until the NF-kappaB activation signal is received .
9865694: This conformational change induces allosteric inhibition of NF-kappaB DNA binding .
9865694: Amino acid residues immediately preceding the nuclear localization signals of both NF-kappaB p50 and p65 subunits are tethered to the IkappaBalpha amino-terminal ankyrin repeats , impeding NF-kappaB from nuclear import machinery recognition .
1339305: The 70 kd protein , predominantly found in lymphoid cells , is a new member of the I kappa B family of proteins and is referred to as I kappa B gamma .
9529257: The NFkappaB1 gene encodes two functionally distinct proteins termed p50 and p105 .
9529257: p50 corresponds to the N terminus of p105 and with p65 ( RelA ) forms the prototypical NF-kappaB transcription factor complex .
9529257: In contrast , p105 functions as a Rel-specific inhibitor ( IKB ) and has been proposed to be the precursor of p50 .
9529257: Our studies now demonstrate that p50 is generated by a unique cotranslational processing event involving the 26S proteasome , whereas cotranslational folding of sequences near the C terminus of p50 abrogates proteasome processing and leads to p105 production .
9529257: These results indicate that p105 is not the precursor of p50 and reveal a novel mechanism of gene regulation that ensures the balanced production and independent function of the p50 and p105 proteins .
9950430: The transcription factor NF-kappaB is composed of homodimeric and heterodimeric complexes of Rel / NF-kappaB-family polypeptides , which include Rel-A , c-Rel , Rel-B , NF-kappaB / p50 and NF-kappaB2 / p52 .
9950430: This releases associated Rel subunits or p50-Rel heterodimers to generate active nuclear NF-kappaB .
9865693: The inhibitory protein , IkappaBalpha , sequesters the transcription factor , NF-kappaB , as an inactive complex in the cytoplasm .
9865693: The orientation of IkappaBalpha in the complex places its N - and C-terminal regions in appropriate locations for their known regulatory functions .
1531086: A Rel-related , mitogen-inducible , kappa B-binding protein has been cloned as an immediate-early activation gene of human peripheral blood T cells .
1531086: p50B is able to form heteromeric kappa B-binding complexes with RelB , as well as with p65 and p50 , the two subunits of NF-kappa B .
1531086: The data imply the existence of a complex family of NF-kappa B-like transcription factors .
7510259: NF-kappa B is a transcription factor composed of the p50 and p65 subunits .
7510259: Recent works identified another human gene which encodes a molecule related to the p50 subunit , termed p50B , p49 or lyt-10 .
1533881: Active NF-kappa B-like transcription complexes are multimers consisting of one or two members of a family of proteins related to the c-Rel proto-oncoprotein .
1992489: The DNA binding subunit of nuclear factor kappa B ( NF-kappa B ) , a B-cell protein that interacts with the immunoglobulin kappa light-chain gene enhancer , has been purified from nuclei of human HL-60 cells stimulated with tumor necrosis factor alpha ( TNF alpha ) , and internal peptide sequences were obtained .
1992489: The encoded open reading frame of about 105 kDa contained at its N-terminal half all six tryptic peptide sequences , suggesting that the 51-kDa NF-kappa B protein is processed from a 105-kDa precursor .
1992489: Thus , both factors not only activate NF-kappa B protein , as described previously , but also induce expression of the gene encoding the DNA-binding subunit of NF-kappa B .
7969179: The NF-kappa B1 subunit of the transcription factor NF-kappa B is derived by proteolytic cleavage from the N terminus of a 105-kDa precursor protein .
7969179: The C terminus of p105NF-kappa B1 , like those of I kappa B proteins , contains ankyrin-related repeats that inhibit DNA binding and nuclear localization of the precursor and confer I kappa B-like properties upon p105NF-kappa B1 .
7969179: In contrast to previous findings , which indicated that p105NF-kappa B1 does not bind DNA , all of the NF-kappa B1 precursors were found to specifically bind with low affinity to a highly restricted set of NF-kappa B sites in vitro , thereby raising the possibility that certain of the NF-kappa B1 precursor isoforms may directly modulate gene expression .
9384558: BACKGROUND : Members of the rel / NFkappaB family of transcription factors play a vital role in the regulation of rapid cellular responses , such as those required to fight infection or react to cellular stress .
9384558: Members of this family of proteins form homo - and heterodimers with differing affinities for dimerization .
9384558: We desired to investigate the contribution of DNA to NFkappaB dimerization and to identify the mechanism for the selective association of rel / NFkappaB family peptides into transcriptionally active dimers .
2203531: The major determinant in the transcriptional control of class I genes of the major histocompatibility complex is an enhancer sequence located around - 170 from the transcription start site , which binds a factor named KBF1 .
2203531: In vitro experiments suggest functional homologies between KBF1 and v-rel .
11094166: It has been shown that the molecular mechanism by which cytokines and glucocorticoids mutually antagonize their functions involves a mutual glucocorticoid receptor ( GR ) / nuclear factor-kappa B ( NF-kappa B ) transrepression .
11094166: Here we report a role for the nuclear receptor coactivator RAC3 , in modulating NF-kappa B transactivation .
11094166: We found that RAC3 functions as a coactivator by binding to the active form of NF-kappa B and that overexpression of RAC3 restores GR-dependent transcription neglecting GR / NF-kappa B transrepression .
11094166: The competition between GR and NF-kappa B for binding to RAC3 may represent a general mechanism by which both transcription factors mutually antagonize their activity .
8036016: The NF-kappa b / Rel and I kappa B proteins are important regulators of lymphocyte activation and gene expression .
8036016: We have identified a rearrangement of the NFKB-2 gene in the HUT 78 human cutaneous T-cell leukemia ( CTCL ) line , cDNA and genomic DNA sequence predicted the presence of a truncated 80 kD NFKB-2 precursor protein ( p80HT ) , instead of the normal p100 protein .
7830764: The structure of a large fragment of the p50 subunit of the human transcription factor NF-kappa B , bound as a homodimer to DNA , reveals that the Rel-homology region has two beta-barrel domains that grip DNA in the major groove .
8825636: The NFKB1 gene encodes three proteins of the NF-kappa B / Rel and I kappa B families : p105 , p50 , and ( in mouse ) I kappa B-gamma .
8825636: We propose that the long size of NFKB1 is important for transient activation of NF-kappa B complexes containing p50 .
7969113: NF-kappa B is an inducible transcription factor complex which regulates the expression of a variety of genes which are involved in the immune , inflammatory , and acute-phase responses .
7969113: The maintenance of NF-kappa B activity in stimulated cells requires ongoing protein synthesis , suggesting several modes of regulation .
7969113: In this report , we have characterized the transcriptional regulation of one family member , NF-kappa B2 .
7969113: In contrast to other family members , we find that kappa B elements in the NFKB2 promoter can also mediate transcriptional repression in the absence of NF-kappa B .
7969113: This mechanism of repressing basal NF-kappa B2 transcription in an inactivated state enables the cell to tightly control NF-kappa B2 activity .
7969113: These data demonstrate that a novel mode of kappa B-dependent regulation is mediated by specific kappa B sites in the NFKB2 promoter .
8230480: The Rel / NF-kappa B family of proteins includes several interacting cellular transcription factors and the v-Rel oncoprotein of the avian Rev-T retrovirus .
10469655: The NF-kappaB precursor p105 has dual functions : cytoplasmic retention of attached NF-kappaB proteins and generation of p50 by processing .
10469655: We propose a model that p105 is inducibly degraded , and that its degradation liberates sequestered NF-kappaB subunits , including its processing product p50 .
10469655: p50 homodimers are specifically bound by the transcription activator Bcl-3 .
10469655: TNF-alpha-induced Bcl-3-p50 formation requires proteasome activity , but is independent of p50-p65 released from IkappaBalpha , indicating a pathway that involves p105 proteolysis .
10469655: Thus , the known NF-kappaB stimuli not only cause nuclear accumulation of p50-p65 heterodimers but also of Bcl-3-p50 and perhaps further transcription activator complexes which are formed upon IKK-mediated p105 degradation .
9384586: Additional complexity in Rel protein-DNA interaction comes from an extended interfacial water cavity that connects residues at the edge of the dimer interface to the central DNA bases .
8087845: We demonstrate an essential role for the proteasome complex in two proteolytic processes required for activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa B .
8087845: Thus , the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway functions not only in the complete degradation of polypeptides , but also in the regulated processing of precursors into active proteins .
7530332: The carboxy-terminal domains form a dimerization interface between beta-sheets using residues that are strongly conserved in the Rel family .
8398903: The p105 carboxyl terminus , which contains ankyrin-like repeats , a feature of I kappa B molecules , regulates the cytoplasmic retention of p105 and inhibits DNA binding by the precursor .
8398903: The nucleotide sequence of complementary DNA clones for this transcript , in vitro translation , and immune precipitation of metabolically labeled cell lysates establish that it encodes a 70 kilodalton protein that corresponds to the COOH-terminal 607 amino acids of p105 .
8398903: p70 suppresses p65 and p75c-rel mediated transactivation of reporter genes under the control of NF-kappa B elements and in vitro can prevent DNA binding of p50 and p75c-rel homodimers to NF-kappa B sites .
8398903: The ability of p70 to stably associate with p49 and p65 in vitro , but not inhibit DNA binding by these proteins , suggests that the specific inhibitory properties of this I kappa B may reflect its relative affinity for different rel targets .
8398903: p70 phosphorylated by protein kinase A fails to inhibit DNA binding by p50 or the c-rel protein , and sequencing of radiolabeled p70 tryptic phosphopeptides establishes that protein kinase A phosphorylates serine residue 576 of p70 .
8398903: This finding suggests that the inhibitory activity of p70 can be regulated by signaling via the adenylate cyclase pathway .
1876189: The transcription factor NF-kappa B is a protein complex which comprises a DNA-binding subunit and an associated transactivation protein ( of relative molecular masses 50,000 ( 50K ) and 65K , respectively ) .
1876189: Both the 50K and 65K subunits have similarity with the rel oncogene and the Drosophila maternal effect gene dorsal .
1876189: The 50K DNA-binding subunit was previously thought to be a unique protein , derived from the 105K gene product ( p105 ) .
1876189: We now report the isolation of a complementary DNA that encodes an alternative DNA-binding subunit of NF-kappa B .
1876189: A 49K product ( p49 ) can be generated independently from an alternatively spliced transcript ; it has specific kappa B DNA-binding activity and can form heterodimers with other rel proteins .
1876189: p49 / p100 NF-kappa B could therefore be important in the regulation of HIV and other kappa B-containing genes .
2203532: The DNA binding subunit of the transcription factor NF-kappa B , p50 , has been cloned .
2203532: p50 appears to be synthesized as a larger protein that is then processed to its functional size .
2203532: This establishes NF-kappa B as a member of the rel family of proteins , all of which display nuclear-cytosolic translocation .
11297557: The p105 precursor protein of NF-kappaB1 acts as an NF-kappaB inhibitory protein , retaining associated Rel subunits in the cytoplasm of unstimulated cells .
11297557: By using knockout embryonic fibroblasts , it was first established that the IkappaB kinase ( IKK ) complex is essential for these pro-inflammatory cytokines to trigger efficiently p105 degradation .


OTX2_BRARE_svm.func:
7898305: These results suggest that three zebrafish otx homeoproteins , alone or in combination , may play roles in very early embryogenesis , gastrulation , and the development and subdivision of the diencephalon and the midbrain .
8613727: This effect was gene-specific , dose-dependent , and temporally regulated , with larger effects at earlier stages of development ( E11.5 ) .
8613727: This interaction between FGF2 and Otx2 may be important for the regulation of neurogenesis in the forebrain .
8235591: Data are presented showing that noggin directly induces neural tissue , that it induces neural tissue in the absence of dorsal mesoderm , and that it acts at the appropriate stage to be an endogenous neural inducing signal .
7893604: Between 9 and 14 h of development , zOtx transcripts disappear from forebrain regions in a manner characteristic for each gene , and from 14 to 24 h , particular regions of the forebrain and midbrain express one or both genes .
7931541: The spatial and temporal patterns suggest that Otx1 may play a role in the specification or differentiation of neurons in the deep layers of the cerebral cortex .
7931541: These results raise the possibility that Otx1 and Otx2 play a role in cerebellar regionalization during early development .
1353865: Insight into the genetic control of the identity of specific regions along the body axis of vertebrates has resulted primarily from the study of vertebrate homologues of regulatory genes operating in the Drosophila trunk , but little is known about the development of most anterior regions of the body either in flies or vertebrates .
1353865: Three Drosophila genes have been identified that are important in controlling the development of the head , two of which , empty spiracles and orthodenticle , have been cloned and shown to contain a homeobox .


PENK_XENLA_svm.func:
1721992: In brain , they function as neurotransmitters , neuromodulators and neurohormones .
1721992: Recent studies show that proenkephalin mRNA is expressed early in development both in mammals and the amphibian , suggesting that enkephalins may play a unique role in embryogenesis .
1721992: Biologically active opioid peptides are generated from exon III .
6547769: The structures of the genes coding for the opioid peptide precursors proopiomelanocortin , proenkephalin ( proenkephalin A ) and prodynorphin ( proenkephalin B ) , are known for some mammalian species .


PRO2_HUMAN_svm.func:
7758455: We refer to this recently described isoform as profilin II ( isoelectric point 5.9 ) in comparison to profilin I ( pI 8.4 ) .
7601111: Since functional characteristics for profilin II are lacking , we assayed the actin , the phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and the poly(L-proline) binding properties of this isoform .
7601111: Profilin II binds actin with a similar affinity to that of profilin I , although it inhibits actin polymerization more strongly than profilin I under non-equilibrium conditions .
11027290: Profilins IIa and IIb are also present in humans , suggesting that all mammals have three profilin isoforms .
11027290: Profilin I is the major form in all tissues , except in the brain , where profilin IIa is most abundant .
10600384: Profilin binds to monomeric actin in a 1:1 complex , catalyzes the exchange of the actin-bound nucleotide and regulates actin filament barbed end assembly .
10600384: Various multidomain proteins including members of the Ena / VASP and formin families localize profilin : actin complexes through profilin : poly-L-proline interactions to particular cytoskeletal locations ( e.g. focal adhesions , cleavage furrows ) .
10600384: In contrast to serine 29 of profilin I , tyrosine 29 in profilin II is capable of forming an additional stacking interaction and a hydrogen bond with poly-L-proline which may account for the increased affinity of the second isoform for proline-rich peptides .
11034907: Profilins are a conserved family of proteins participating in actin dynamics and cell motility .
11034907: Our results indicate unexpected diversity in the functions of the profilin family of proteins , and suggest that in mouse profilin IIA is intimately involved in actin dynamics , while profilin IIB associates with other cytoskeletal components .


RBS_TOBAC_svm.func:
3557127: Comparison with rbcS genes from other species of Solanaceae suggests that the tomato LESS5 gene , the Nicotiana tabacum NTSS23 gene and the Petunia hybrida SSU8 gene are orthologous members of the rbcS gene family .
8299958: We determined the nucleotide sequences of five members of the rbcS gene family encoding the small subunit ( SSU ) of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase / oxygenase ( Rubisco ) of potato .
8299958: However , the expression data of orthologous rbcS genes containing highly identical regulatory cis-acting elements were found to be different , suggesting that the simple finding of these motifs does not automatically imply similar transcriptional and / or post-transcriptional gene regulation .
8425051: We find protection of one or more of these sequences in the aforementioned organs , indicating that the corresponding DNA-binding proteins could function in directing differential expression of the genes , although functional studies would be required to establish this point .
1512238: This suggests that the small subunits may be essential for maintaining the integrity of the L8S8 structure .
3012537: The nuclear gene sequences encoding RBCS , the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase / oxygenase ( EC 4.1.1.39 ) from several plants show extensive interspecific divergence but little intraspecific divergence , suggesting that these genes are evolving in concert within a genome .
3684569: This is the first transcriptionally active pseudogene that has been reported in plants .
3684569: 13 , 2372 - 2386 ) , indicating that gene duplication and / or gene conversion may have played a role in the evolution of the tobacco SSU family .


SEP7_HUMAN_svm.func:
10731132: The fly Drosophila melanogaster is one of the most intensively studied organisms in biology and serves as a model system for the investigation of many developmental and cellular processes common to higher eukaryotes , including humans .
10731132: The genome encodes approximately 13,600 genes , somewhat fewer than the smaller Caenorhabditis elegans genome , but with comparable functional diversity .
9022087: Glycoprotein ( GP ) Ib is a major component of the platelet membrane receptor for von Willebrand factor , designated the GP Ib-IX-V complex .
9520435: Data analysis using cDNA / genomic DNA alignments and bio-informatic algorithms revealed 12 different predicted proteins , most of which are absent from bacterial databases , half of which are absent from Saccharomyces cerevisiae , and nearly all of which have relatives in Caenorhabditis elegans and Homo sapiens .
9520435: These data pinpoint some general bottlenecks in functional genomics , and they reveal the acute emerging difficulties with data transferability above the levels of genes and proteins , especially with complex human phenotypes .
8152419: Certain cell division cycle ( CDC ) genes , CDC3 , CDC10 , CDC11 , CDC12 , are known to be involved in events critical to the pattern of bud growth and the completion of cytokinesis .
8152419: A database search revealed significant sequence similarity with two peptides , one from Drosophila and one from mouse , suggesting strong evolutionary conservation of function .
10591208: The genomic sequence provides access to the complete structures of all genes , including those without known function , their control elements , and , by inference , the proteins they encode , as well as all other biologically important sequences .
9169871: The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the pre-eminent organism for the study of basic functions of eukaryotic cells .
9169871: All of the genes of this simple eukaryotic cell have recently been revealed by an international collaborative effort to determine the complete DNA sequence of its nuclear genome .
11859360: We identify highly conserved genes important for eukaryotic cell organization including those required for the cytoskeleton , compartmentation , cell-cycle control , proteolysis , protein phosphorylation and RNA splicing .
8181057: In addition to its role in cytokinesis , pnut displays genetic interactions with seven in absentia , a gene required for neuronal fate determination in the compound eye , suggesting that pnut may have pleiotropic functions .
8181057: Our results suggest that this class of proteins is involved in aspects of cytokinesis that have been conserved between flies and yeast .
12537569: BACKGROUND : A collection of sequenced full-length cDNAs is an important resource both for functional genomics studies and for the determination of the intron-exon structure of genes .
12537569: We have previously described the Drosophila Gene Collection ( DGC ) , a set of putative full-length cDNAs that was produced by generating and analyzing over 250,000 expressed sequence tags ( ESTs ) derived from a variety of tissues and developmental stages .
9889007: Based on sequence homologies , the gene belongs to an expanding family of GTP-binding proteins , septins , that are involved in cytokinesis .
8590280: The results of a computer search of public databases indicated that the sequences of 13 genes were unrelated to any reported genes , while the remaining 27 genes carried sequences which showed some similarities to known genes .
8791410: The septins also appear to be involved in various other aspects of the organization of the cell surface .
9203580: The mouse Nedd5 gene encodes a 41.5-kD GTPase similar to the Saccharomyces and Drosophila septins essential for cytokinesis .
9203580: The Nedd5-containing fibers also appear to physically contact actin bundles and focal adhesion complexes and are disrupted by cytochalasin D , C3 exoenzyme , and serum starvation , suggesting a functional interaction with the actin-based cytoskeletal systems in interphase cells .
12537572: RESULTS : Although the number of predicted protein-coding genes in Drosophila remains essentially unchanged , the revised annotation significantly improves gene models , resulting in structural changes to 85 % of the transcripts and 45 % of the predicted proteins .
12537572: Finally , cDNA sequence provided evidence for dicistronic transcripts , neighboring genes with overlapping UTRs on the same DNA sequence strand , alternatively spliced genes that encode distinct , non-overlapping peptides , and numerous nested genes .
12537572: CONCLUSIONS : Identification of so many unusual gene models not only suggests that some mechanisms for gene regulation are more prevalent than previously believed , but also underscores the complex challenges of eukaryotic gene prediction .
12537572: At present , experimental data and human curation remain essential to generate high-quality genome annotations .
9385360: We have isolated the cDNA corresponding to this DRES and show that it is a novel member of the family of septin genes , which encode proteins with GTPase activity thought to interact during cytokinesis .
8037772: We isolated a novel human cDNA , termed hCDC10 , whose predicted product showed a high degree of homology to the CDC10 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae .
12466851: These are clustered into 33,409 ' transcriptional units ' , contributing 90.1 % of a newly established mouse transcriptome database .
12466851: In protein-coding transcripts , 79 % of splice variations altered the protein product .
9611266: Septins are a family of highly conserved filament-forming proteins that have been shown to mediate cytokinesis and cytoskeletal organization in fungi and Drosophila .
9611266: The gene encoding the human septin family member HCDCREL-1 has been shown to be transcribed from a locus immediately adjacent to that of the platelet glycoprotein ( GP ) Ib b .
9611266: The HCDCREL-1 gene possesses a non-consensus polyadenylation signal that apparently is not efficiently utilized , resulting in the expression of a readthrough transcript also containing the platelet GPIb beta coding region .
9611266: Our results indicate that the gene is expressed at high levels in platelets and neural tissue , and is transcriptionally complex .


STRP_STREQ_svm.func:
11296296: Approximately one-third of these genes have no identifiable function , with the remainder falling into previously characterized categories of known microbial function .
11296296: Additional genes have been identified that encode proteins likely associated with microbial " molecular mimicry" of host characteristics and involved in rheumatic fever or acute glomerulonephritis .
11296296: These prophage-associated genes encode at least six potential virulence factors , emphasizing the importance of bacteriophages in horizontal gene transfer and a possible mechanism for generating new strains with increased pathogenic potential .


TGR3_RAT_svm.func:
1657407: Introduction of the cDNA into COS cells and L6 myoblasts induces expression of a heterogenously glycosylated 280 - 330 kd protein characteristic of the type III receptor that binds TGF-beta 1 specifically .
1657407: In L6 myoblasts lacking the endogenous type III receptor , expression of the recombinant receptor leads to an increase in the amount of ligand bound and cross-linked to surface type II TGF-beta receptors .
1657407: This indicates that the type III receptor may regulate the ligand-binding ability or surface expression of the type II receptor .
7894484: We have identified mutations in three affected individuals : a C to G substitution converting a tyrosine to a termination codon , a 39 base pair deletion and a 2 basepair deletion which creates a premature termination codon .
8294451: Porcine endoglin bound TGF-beta 1 and - beta 3 efficiently , but TGF-beta 2 less efficiently .
8294451: Thus , endoglin and TGF-beta receptors I and / or II most likely formed a heteromeric receptor complex .
8294451: These results revealed that endoglin is a phosphorylated protein which forms a heteromeric complex with signaling receptors for TGF-beta .
10545596: ENDOGLIN codes for a homodimeric membrane glycoprotein that interacts with receptors for members of the TGF-beta superfamily and is the gene mutated in the autosomal dominant vascular disorder hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1 ( HHT1 ) .
10545596: We recently demonstrated that functional endoglin was expressed at half levels on human umbilical vein endothelial cells ( HUVECs ) and peripheral blood activated monocytes from HHT1 patients .
10545596: These data suggest that haploinsufficiency , leading to reduced levels of one of the major surface glyco-proteins of vascular endothelium , is the predominant mechanism underlying the HHT1 phenotype .
8125301: Like its human counterpart , mouse endoglin displays significant sequence homology to the type-III TGF-beta receptor in two extracellular domains , as well as striking similarity in the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions .
8125301: One of the extracellular regions of homology with TGF-beta receptor III represents a truncated version of a homology unit defining a novel gene family including uromodulin , the pancreatic granule protein gp2 , and zona pellucida receptors for sperm .
1657406: The transmembrane region and the short cytoplasmic tail of betaglycan are very similar to these regions in human endoglin , an endothelial cell membrane glycoprotein involved in intercellular recognition .
1657406: The unique features of betaglycan suggest important roles in cell interaction with TGF-beta .
8194490: Endoglin is an integral membrane glycoprotein predominantly expressed on human endothelial cells and recently shown to bind transforming growth factor-beta 1 ( TGF beta 1 ) with high affinity .
8194490: This distribution is similar to that of extracellular TGF beta 1 , particularly in heart and uterus , and suggests that endoglin on stromal fibroblast-like cells might be regulating access of TGF beta 1 to the signaling receptor complex .
8194490: Future studies should establish the specialized role of endoglin in the TGF beta receptor complex of endothelial and stromal cells .
1692830: Endoglin is a major glycoprotein of human vascular endothelium .
1692830: Endoglin is a type I integral membrane protein of Mr = 68,051 with an extracellular region of 561 amino acids , a hydrophobic transmembrane domain , and a 47-residue cytoplasmic tail .
1692830: Data base searches revealed that endoglin is a novel protein .
1692830: The presence of RGD , a key recognition structure in cellular adhesion , suggests a critical role for endoglin in the binding of endothelial cells to integrins and / or other RGD receptors .
7864874: The zona pellucida composed of three or four glycoproteins plays important roles in fertilization .
7864874: Our previous study showed that porcine ZP1 , one of the major glycoproteins of porcine zona pellucida , was divided into two components ( porcine ZP4 and ZP2 ) , and suggested it was a homologue of mouse ZP2 .
7841460: This report is the first to describe the presence all three major zona pellucida genes within individual mammalian species .
7841460: Within the ZPA , ZPB and ZPC gene families , the DNA and deduced amino acid sequences are highly homologous to each other , and are most homologous between members of the same order within the class mammalia .
7841460: These results imply that all or most mammalian species express the ZPA , ZPB and ZPC proteins , which form the zona pellucida layer surrounding the oocyte .


VFUS_VACCC_svm.func:
2795717: This showed that a 100 - to 115-kilobase ( kb ) centrally placed section is essentially colinear in organization in the two viruses and that a small region has translocated between the ends of one or other of the genomes during their divergence .
2795717: By using the cross-hybridization data , a 4-kb fragment of KS-1 DNA was identified , which corresponds to the regions of the cowpox virus and VV genomes containing genes for the orthopoxvirus A-type inclusion body protein ( " ATI" ) .
2795717: Overall , these results show that the pattern of genomic conservation and variation between two poxvirus genera reflects the pattern within the orthopoxvirus genus but that , as observed previously , individual genes may not be present in genomic regions which are otherwise conserved in organization .
2219722: The complete DNA sequence of the genome of vaccinia virus has been determined .
2219722: Genes encoded by the virus were located by examination of DNA sequence characteristics and compared with existing vaccinia virus mapping analyses , sequence data , and transcription data .
2219722: Whereas several similarities to proteins of known function were discerned , the function of the majority of proteins encoded by these open reading frames is as yet undetermined .
2822962: The 14-kilodalton protein appears to play an important role in virus penetration at the level of cell fusion ; it also elicits neutralizing antibodies , and it forms covalently linked trimers on the surface of virions and in infected cells ( Rodriguez et al . ,
2822962: Restriction enzyme analysis and hybridization studies mapped the 14-kilodalton encoding sequences in the middle of vaccinia virus HindIII A DNA fragment .
2389560: We provide genetic evidence for a role of the 14-kDa protein in cell fusion , since insertion of the 14-kDa encoding gene into the genome of nonfusogenic mutant viruses generates heterozygous viruses that now acquire acid pH-dependent fusion activity .
2389560: Our findings demonstrate that vaccinia virus can induce strong fusion of cells in culture at acid pH implying some entry of the virus by endocytosis , that the 14-kDa virus envelope protein is the fusogenic protein , and that the N-terminal proximal region is involved in fusion .
8384129: Analysis of variola virus nucleotide sequence revealed proteins belonging to several families which provide the virus with the possibility of overcoming the barriers of specific and non-specific host defence against viral infection .
8384129: The complement-binding proteins , lymphokine-binding proteins , and serine protease inhibitors can be assigned to this type , as can the proteins providing the orthopoxviruses with resistance to interferon .


VGLG_IHNV_svm.func:
2741347: The G protein was intracellularly transported to the cell surface and could induce cell fusion at low pH , showing that the expressed G protein was biologically active .
1413521: Highest homology scores for each protein were with sigma virus and vesicular stomatitis virus serotypes .
3459163: Rabies cDNA clones , obtained by " walking along the genome" using two successive DNA primers , have allowed the sequence determination of the genes encoding the N , M1 , M2 , G , and the beginning of the L protein as well as the rabies intergenic regions .
3459163: Start and stop transcription signals located at the border of each gene encoding a protein have been identified and are similar to the corresponding signals from vesicular stomatitis virus ( VSV ) and Sendai virus .
2139267: Complementary DNA spanning the entire genome of the attenuated rabies virus strain SAD B19 which is used for oral immunization of foxes in Europe was cloned and sequenced .
2985803: We suggest that this nonconservative substitution may block protein transport by causing protein denaturation at the nonpermissive temperature .
2168974: This resulted in striking variation in G gene sizes , with gene lengths ranging from 1,652 to 1,868 nucleotides .
1736537: Altogether these results were suggestive of an intrinsic heterogeneity of street rabies virus .