AMYB_SOYBN.func:
7777485|Conserved Glu 187, believed to play an important role in catalysis, is located at the cleft between the (alpha/beta)8 barrel core and a small domain made up of three long loops (L3, L4, and L5).
8103452|Sequence analysis of the inactivated enzyme revealed that Glu187 was specifically esterified by the affinity labeling with the above reagent, proposing that Glu187 is a potent candidate involved directly in the catalysis with this plant beta-amylase.
9847126|The great abundance of beta-amylase and its unexpected patterns of gene expression and protein accumulation support our current belief that this protein serves a storage function in roots of this perennial species.
1837016|Unlike beta-amylases from other origins, the sweet potato beta-amylase is a tetramer of identical subunits, and it also bears starch phosphorylase-inhibitor activity.
1837016|Escherichia coli cells harboring the cDNA clone produced the mature-sized subunit of the beta-amylase, and the soluble extract exhibited amylolytic activity which migrated to the same position as the beta-amylase purified from the sweet potato in non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel containing soluble starch indicating that oligomerization of the subunit occurred properly in E. coli cells.
2446870|The primary structure of barley endosperm beta-amylase, an enzyme which catalyses the liberation of maltose from 1,4-alpha-D-glucans, has been deduced from the nucleotide sequence of a cloned full-length cDNA.
8334116|New crystallographic findings are presented which offer a deeper understanding of the structure and functioning of beta-amylase, the first known exo-type starch-hydrolyzing enzyme.
8174545|To determine which amino acid residues are essential for the catalytic activity of soybean beta-amylase, deoxyoligonucleotide site-directed mutagenesis was employed against aspartyl, glutamyl, and cysteinyl residues located in highly conserved regions found in beta-amylase family to date.
8174545|Taking account of the results obtained here, the above two amino acid residues are involved in the catalytic site of soybean beta-amylase.
9677422|This suggests that the binding site of the cyclodextrins is important for its holding of a cleaved substrate, which enables the multiple attack mechanism of beta-amylase.
8319688|Especially the Vmax value of [H93R]beta-amylase was reduced drastically compared to that of the non-mutant; however, none of them lost their enzyme activities completely.
2474529|Soybean beta-amylase was modified with 2,3-epoxypropyl alpha-D-[U-14C]glucopyranoside ([14C]alpha-EPG), a radioactive affinity-labeling reagent for beta-amylase, until it lost 95% of its enzyme activity.
2474529|It was concluded that the carboxylate of Glu-186 is a functional group at the catalytic site of soybean beta-amylase.
ANXB_HUMAN.func:
1535225|Annexins are a family of structurally related calcium-dependent phospholipid binding proteins.
8938449|Since annexin XI is known to be localized in the nucleus at certain stages of development, the identification of a region in tetrad repeats 3 and 4 resembling the "chromo box" domain may be relevant to a nuclear regulatory function of annexin XI.
1380798|CAP-50 is a member of annexin family proteins which binds specifically to calcyclin in a Ca2+ dependent manner (Tokumitsu. H., Mizutani. A., Minami. H., Kobayashi. R., and Hidaka. H. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267,8919-8924).
1372001|Annexins (or lipocortins) are a family of at least 10 structurally related calcium- and phospholipid-binding proteins.
BRS3_HUMAN.func:
9573346|Bombesin (BN)-like peptides/neurotransmitters mediate a broad range of physiological funtions in the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system through binding to their specific, high-affinity mammalian bombesin receptors.
9573346|This family of heptahelical, G-protein coupled receptors includes the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R, or bb2), neuromedin B receptor (NMB-R, or bb1), and the bombesin receptor subtype 3 (BRS-3, or bb3).
8383682|The bombesin (BN)-like peptides mediate a diverse spectrum of biological activities and have been implicated as autocrine growth factors in the pathogenesis and progression of some human small cell lung carcinoma tumors.
8383682|These results suggest a role for BN-like peptides and their receptors in mammalian reproductive physiology and also indicate that BRS-3 could serve as a potential therapeutic target for human lung carcinoma.
10425452|Highly conserved amino acids important in mediating receptor G-protein coupling to second messengers and important in ligand binding were found to be conserved in ovine BRS-3.
CB2R_HUMAN.func:
10688601|Many of the pharmacological effects of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol are mediated through CB(1) and CB(2) cannabinoid receptors.
10688601|It bound to CB(1) and CB(2) receptors with low affinity and stimulated GTPgammaS binding in the cerebellum and CB(2)-expressing cell lines with low potency.
8679694|Both hCB2 and mCB2 mediate agonist-stimulated inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP production in CHO cell lines permanently expressing the receptors.
12084572|Like hCB2 and mCB2 receptors, rCB2 activates mitogen-activated protein kinase when it is stably expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells.
DVL3_MOUSE.func:
8817329|The Drosophila dishevelled gene (dsh) encodes a secreted glycoprotein, which regulates cell proliferation, acting as a transducer molecule for developmental processes, including segmentation and neuroblast specification.
7744250|Wingless (Wg) is an important signaling molecule in the development of Drosophila, but little is known about its signal transduction pathway.
7744250|Overexpressed Dsh becomes hyperphosphorylated in the absence of extracellular Wg and increases levels of the Armadillo protein, thereby mimicking the Wg signal.
7744250|We conclude that dsh, a highly conserved gene, is not merely a permissive factor in Wg signaling but encodes a novel signal transduction molecule, which may function between the Wg receptor and more downstream signaling molecules.
8887313|Thus, Dvl2 encodes a mammalian homolog of dsh which can transduce the Wingless signal.
8288125|In the embryonic epidermis, Wg protein is secreted and taken up by neighboring cells, in which it is required for maintenance of engrailed transcription and accumulation of Armadillo protein.
8288125|Our results demonstrate that dsh encodes a specific component of Wg signaling and illustrate that Wnt proteins may utilize a novel mechanism of extracellular signal transduction.
7600981|Studies in Drosophila have indicated that the dishevelled gene product is required for wingless (Wnt1 homolog) signal transduction.
7600981|We demonstrate that injection of mRNA encoding a Xenopus homolog of dishevelled (Xdsh) into prospective ventral mesodermal cells triggers a complete dorsal axis formation in Xenopus embryos.
7600981|In contrast to its effect on mesoderm, overexpression of Xdsh mRNA in prospective ectodermal cells triggers anterior neural tissue differentiation.
7600981|These studies suggest that Wnt signal transduction pathway is conserved between Drosophila and vertebrates and point to a role for maternal Xdsh product in dorsal axis formation and in neural induction.
ELIA_PHYCP.func:
7763784|Elicitins are toxic proteins secreted by Phytophthora spp. responsible for the incompatible reaction and systemic leaf necroses on tobacco.
7763784|We found that Phytophthora megasperma megasperma produces two elicitin isoforms, each belonging to a different physico-chemical class, although the beta elicitin was less toxic than other beta ones.
7763784|In addition to the point mutation already known to correlate with the differences in necrotic activities between alpha and beta isoforms, we found another region of the molecule likely to be involved in the regulation of the toxicity.
2776750|The phytopathogenic fungi Phytophthora cryptogea and Phytophthora capsici cause systemic leaf necrosis on their non-host tobacco; in culture they release proteins, called cryptogein and capsicein, which elicit similar necrosis.
2776750|In addition, both proteins protect tobacco against invasion by the pathogen Phytophthora nicotianac, the agent of the tobacco black shank, that is unable to produce such an elicitor.
2776750|Cryptogein causes visible leaf necrosis starting at about 1 microgram/plant, whereas 50-fold as much capsicein is required for the same reaction.
2776750|Capsicein induces protection even in near absence of leaf necrosis.
9385630|Elicitins are necrotic and signaling proteins secreted by Phytophthora spp. responsible for the incompatible reaction and systemic hypersensitive-like necroses of diverse plant species leading to resistance against fungal or bacterial plant pathogens.
9385630|Residue 13, which has been identified from directed mutagenesis and natural sequence comparison studies as a key amino acid involved in the differential control of necrosis, is surface exposed and could contribute to the binding to a ligand or a receptor.
1368359|Most of the phytopathogenic fungi Phytophthora secrete holoproteins (elicitins) responsible for the incompatible reaction and systemic leaf necroses on tobacco.
1368359|We found that Phytophthora drechsleri produces several elicitin isoforms of various toxicity on tobacco.
1368359|This residue could be either an active or a regulatory site, involved in the interaction with a receptor responsible for necrosis induction.
8664508|Elicitins, proteinaceous elicitors secreted by Phytophthora spp., act as inducers of a hypersensitive-like response in tobacco during incompatible interactions.
8274771|Extracellular elicitor proteins (elicitins) from Phytophthora species induce local and distal defense responses specifically in plants of the Solanaceae and Cruciferae.
8274771|Bacterial expression of the cloned elicitin gene as a translational fusion protein containing glutathione S-transferase yielded a biologically active protein capable of inducing a hypersensitive response in tobacco, suggesting that fungus-specific postranslational modifications of elicitin are not required for its activity.
8031752|Capsicein belongs to the elicitin family, elicitor molecules having toxic and signaling properties that are secreted by Phytophthora fungi, responsible for the incompatible hypersensitive reaction of diverse plant species leading to resistance against fungal or bacterial plant pathogens.
8994969|Elicitins form a novel class of plant necrotic proteins which are secreted by Phytophthora and Pythium fungi, parasites of many economically important crops.
8994969|These proteins induce leaf necrosis in infected plants and elicit an incompatible hypersensitive-like reaction, leading to the development of a systemic acquired resistance against a range of fungal and bacterial plant pathogens.
8994969|No crystal structures of this class of protein are available. The crystal structure determination of beta-cryptogein (CRY), secreted by Phytophthora cryptogea, was undertaken to identify structural features important for the necrotic activity of elicitins.
8994969|Two other distinct binding sites seem to be correlated to the level of necrotic activity of elicitins.
8994969|The determination of the crystal structure of a member of the elicitin family may make it possible to separate the activity that causes leaf necrosis from that inducing systemic acquired resistance to pathogens, making it feasible to engineer a non-toxic elicitin that only elicits plant defences.
2583277|The phytopathogenic fungi Phytophthora cinnamomi cause systemic leaf necrosis on its non-host tobacco; in culture, it secretes a protein, called cinnamomin, which elicits leaf necrosis and protects tobacco against the pathogen Phytophthora nicotianoe, in a way similar to cryptogein and different from capsicein, elicitins of known amino acid sequences.
FLGK_ECOLI.func:
GAA6_CHICK.func:
1846404|gamma-Aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptors are multisubunit ligand-gated ion channels which mediate neuronal inhibition by GABA and are composed of at least four subunit types (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta).
1846404|The gamma 2-subunit appears to be essential for benzodiazepine modulation of GABAA receptor function.
3037384|Amino-acid sequences derived from complementary DNAs encoding the alpha- and beta-subunits of the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor from bovine brain show homology with other ligand-gated receptor subunits, suggesting that there is a super-family of ion-channel-containing receptors.
3037384|Co-expression of the in vitro-generated alpha-subunit and beta-subunit RNAs in Xenopus oocytes produces a functional receptor and ion channel with the pharmacological properties characteristic of the GABAA receptor.
9339354|We have isolated and sequenced a novel human gene (GABRE) of the GABAA neurotransmitter receptor family.
9339354|A cDNA sequence of the gene coding for a 506 amino acid protein was identified, representing a member of a putative new class (epsilon) of the GABAA receptor.
2561977|Two cDNAs (alpha 1 and alpha 4) from rat brain cDNA libraries encode isoforms of the alpha subunit of the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor, which differ at 30% of their amino acid residues.
2561977|We suggest that these polypeptides together produce GABA-gated ion channels that can also open spontaneously.
8780005|The conservation of this expression pattern suggests that gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors possessing the alpha 6 subunit are of fundamental importance for cerebellar function and that the corresponding gene regulatory elements, e.g., granule cell-specific enhancers, have also been conserved.
2842688|When gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in vertebrate brain, binds to its receptor it activates a chloride channel.
2842688|Neurotransmitter action at the GABAA receptor is potentiated by both benzodiazepines and barbiturates which are therapeutically useful drugs (reviewed in ref. 1).
1356407|Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain, opens chloride channels through actions on GABAA receptors.
2166916|Benzodiazepines are widely prescribed anxiolytics and anticonvulsants which bind with high affinity to sites on the GABAA receptor/Cl- channel complex and potentiate the effect of the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid).
2166916|Expression of recombinant subunits produces functional receptors; when certain alpha-variants are coexpressed with beta- and gamma-subunits the resulting receptors have pharmacological properties characteristic of GABAA-benzodiazepine type I or type II receptors.
2166916|We conclude that this alpha-subunit is part of a cerebellar receptor subtype, selective for Ro15-4513, an antagonist of alcohol-induced motor incoordination and ataxia.
9039914|At concentrations relevant to clinical anaesthesia, these agents cause a dramatic stimulation of the chloride currents that are evoked by the binding of the natural ligand, GABA.
1849552|The distribution of alpha 2 mRNAs in rat brain suggests that the alpha 2 subunit may indeed be involved in the BZ type II receptors.
9084408|GABA-gated chloride channels are the main inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the CNS.
9084408|The predicted protein has many of the features shared by other members of the ligand-gated ion channel family.
9084408|Our results suggest that novel GABA receptors expressed outside of the CNS may regulate cardiac function.
1311098|In coexpression experiments with the alpha 1 and beta 2 subunits, gamma 3 imparts benzodiazepine binding to gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors and forms gamma-aminobutyric acid-gated benzodiazepine-modulated chloride channels that exhibit a larger conductance than alpha 1 beta 2 receptor channels.
2538761|Neurotransmission effected by GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is predominantly mediated by a gated chloride channel intrinsic to the GABAA receptor.
2167378|GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronal inhibition by opening a chloride channel integral to the GABAA receptor.
11326274|Disruption of GABAergic neurotransmission mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been implicated in epilepsy for many decades.
11326274|We thus provide the first genetic evidence that a GABA(A) receptor is directly involved in human idiopathic epilepsy.
2165521|GABAA receptors, the major synaptic targets for the neurotransmitter GABA, constitute gated chloride channels.
2165521|By their allosteric, drug-induced modulation, they serve as control elements for the regulation of anxiety, vigilance, and epileptiform activity.
1702226|Expression of the large cytoplasmic loop domains of gamma 2S and gamma 2L in Escherichia coli, followed by phosphorylation of the recombinant proteins by protein kinase C, demonstrated that gamma 2L, but not gamma 2S, could be phosphorylated.
9892355|Type-A receptors for the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) are ligand-gated chloride channels that mediate inhibitory neurotransmission.
9892355|Each subunit also has a large intracellular loop that may be a target for protein kinases and be required for subcellular targeting and membrane clustering of the receptor, perhaps by anchoring the receptor to the cytoskeleton.
9892355|Other members of the superfamily of ligand-gated ion-channel receptors associate in postsynaptic-membrane clusters by binding to the proteins rapsyn or gephyrin.
9892355|Here we identify a new cellular protein, GABA(A)-receptor-associated protein (GABARAP), which can interact with the gamma2 subunit of GABA(A) receptors.
8719416|Benzodiazepines modulate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-evoked chloride currents through a specific binding site at the GABAA receptor-chloride channel complex.
8391122|Human alpha 1-containing receptors exhibited a BZ1-type pharmacology, and alpha 2-, alpha 3-, and alpha 5-containing receptors exhibited a broadly BZ2-type pharmacology.
2170110|When co-expressed with alpha and beta subunits in Xenopus oocytes and mammalian cells, the gamma variants mediate the potentiation of GABA evoked currents by benzodiazepines and help generate high-affinity binding sites for these drugs.
2170110|These findings reveal a pronounced effect of gamma subunit variants on GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor pharmacology.
HH1R_BOVIN.func:
8917588|From pharmacological studies using histamine antagonists and agonists, it has been demonstrated that histamine modulates many physiological functions of the hypothalamus, such as arousal state, locomotor activity, feeding, and drinking.
8917588|These results indicate that through H1R, histamine is involved in circadian rhythm of locomotor activity and exploratory behavior as a neurotransmitter.
12142541|Bphs controls Bordetella pertussis toxin (PTX)-induced vasoactive amine sensitization elicited by histamine (VAASH) and has an established role in autoimmunity.
12142541|Thus, natural alleles of Hrh1 control both the autoimmune T cell and vascular responses regulated by histamine after PTX sensitization.
8280179|In transfected COS-7 cells, histamine induced inositol phosphate formation, that was inhibitable by pyrilamine.
12595443|In vivo intoxication with Bordetella pertussis toxin (PTX) elicits a variety of physiological responses including a marked leukocytosis, disruption of glucose regulation, adjuvant activity, alterations in vascular function, hypersensitivity to vasoactive agents, and death.
12595443|We recently identified Bphs, the locus controlling PTX-induced hypersensitivity to the vasoactive amine histamine, as the histamine H(1) receptor (Hrh1).
7678492|The binding was inhibited by H1 antagonists or histamine.
1722337|The cloned receptor protein expressed in COS-7 cells bound specifically to [3H]mepyramine, an H1 receptor antagonist, and this binding was displaced by H1 receptor antagonists and histamine with affinities comparable with those in membranes of bovine adrenal medulla.
1722337|This investigation discloses the molecular nature of the H1 receptor--a receptor that mediates diverse neuronal and peripheral actions of histamine and that may be of therapeutic importance in allergy.
HUGA_VESVU.func:
8828537|Three known allergens of yellow jacket (Vespula vulgaris) venom are antigen 5, hyaluronidase, and phospholipase.
7876212|face hornet (Dolichovespula maculata) venom has three known protein allergens which induce IgE response in susceptible people.
7876212|Dol m 2 has 56% sequence identity with the honey bee venom allergen hyaluronidase and 27% identity with PH-20, a human sperm protein with hyaluronidase activity.
7682712|Expression of the cloned cDNA in Escherichia coli yielded a 41-kDa polypeptide that had hyaluronidase activity.
7682712|Interestingly, the hyaluronidase from bee venom glands exhibited significant homology to PH-20, a membrane protein of guinea pig sperm involved in sperm-egg adhesion.
10998264|Ara h 1 and Ole e 1, major allergens from peanut and olive pollen, respectively, contained mainly xylosylated N-glycans with the composition Man(3(-4))XylGlcNAc(2) in the case of Ara h 1 and GlcNAc(1-2)Man(3)XylGlcNAc(2) in the case of Ole e 1 where also some GlcNAc(0-2)Man(3)XylFucGlcNAc(2) was found.
KBF2_HUMAN.func:
11239468|We show that this step is negatively regulated by a processing-inhibitory domain (PID) within p100 and positively regulated by the NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK).
11239468|While the PID suppresses the constitutive processing of p100, NIK induces p100 processing by stimulating site-specific phosphorylation and ubiquitination of this precursor protein.
11239468|These data suggest that NIK is a specific kinase regulating p100 processing and explain why the aly and nf(kappa)b2 knockout mice exhibit similar immune deficiencies.
9450761|The NF-kappaB p50/p65 heterodimer is the classical member of the Rel family of transcription factors which regulate diverse cellular functions such as immune response, cell growth, and development.
9450761|NF-kappaB specifically recognizes kappaB DNA elements with a consensus sequence of 5'-GGGRNYYYCC-3' (R is an unspecified purine; Y is an unspecified pyrimidine; and N is any nucleotide).
9865694|IkappaBalpha regulates the transcription factor NF-kappaB through the formation of stable IkappaBalpha/NF-kappaB complexes.
9865694|Prior to induction, IkappaBalpha retains NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm until the NF-kappaB activation signal is received.
9865694|After activation, NF-kappaB is removed from gene promoters through association with nuclear IkappaBalpha, restoring the preinduction state.
1339305|The 70 kd protein expressed in bacteria prevents sequence-specific DNA binding of p50-p65 NF-kappa B heterodimer, p50 homodimer, and c-rel.
9529257|In contrast, p105 functions as a Rel-specific inhibitor (IKB) and has been proposed to be the precursor of p50.
9950430|The p105 precursor also acts as an NFkappaB-inhibitory protein, retaining associated p50, c-Rel and Rel-A proteins in the cytoplasm through its carboxy terminus.
9950430|Furthermore, kinase-inactive TPL-2 blocks the degradation of p105 induced by tumour-necrosis factor-alpha.
9950430|TPL-2 is therefore a component of a new signalling pathway that controls proteolysis of NF-kappaB1 p105.
9865693|The inhibitory protein, IkappaBalpha, sequesters the transcription factor, NF-kappaB, as an inactive complex in the cytoplasm.
1531086|Transient-transfection experiments in embryonal carcinoma cells demonstrate a functional cooperation between p50B and RelB or p65 in transactivation of a reporter plasmid dependent on a kappa B site.
7510259|NF-kappa B is a transcription factor composed of the p50 and p65 subunits.
1992489|Thus, both factors not only activate NF-kappa B protein, as described previously, but also induce expression of the gene encoding the DNA-binding subunit of NF-kappa B.
7969179|The C terminus of p105NF-kappa B1, like those of I kappa B proteins, contains ankyrin-related repeats that inhibit DNA binding and nuclear localization of the precursor and confer I kappa B-like properties upon p105NF-kappa B1.
7969179|Transient transfection analysis revealed that p98NF-kappa B1, but not p105NF-kappa B1 or p84NF-kappa B1, acts as a transactivator of NF-kappa B-regulated gene expression and that this is dependent on sequences in the Rel homology domain required for DNA binding and on the novel 35 C-terminal aa of this isoform.
7969179|In contrast to previous findings, which indicated that p105NF-kappa B1 does not bind DNA, all of the NF-kappa B1 precursors were found to specifically bind with low affinity to a highly restricted set of NF-kappa B sites in vitro, thereby raising the possibility that certain of the NF-kappa B1 precursor isoforms may directly modulate gene expression.
9384558|Members of the rel/NFkappaB family of transcription factors play a vital role in the regulation of rapid cellular responses, such as those required to fight infection or react to cellular stress.
11094166|Here we report a role for the nuclear receptor coactivator RAC3, in modulating NF-kappa B transactivation.
11094166|We found that RAC3 functions as a coactivator by binding to the active form of NF-kappa B and that overexpression of RAC3 restores GR-dependent transcription neglecting GR/NF-kappa B transrepression.
11094166|The competition between GR and NF-kappa B for binding to RAC3 may represent a general mechanism by which both transcription factors mutually antagonize their activity.
8036016|The NF-kappa b/Rel and I kappa B proteins are important regulators of lymphocyte activation and gene expression.
8825636|We propose that the long size of NFKB1 is important for transient activation of NF-kappa B complexes containing p50.
7969113|NF-kappa B is an inducible transcription factor complex which regulates the expression of a variety of genes which are involved in the immune, inflammatory, and acute-phase responses.
7969113|In contrast to other family members, we find that kappa B elements in the NFKB2 promoter can also mediate transcriptional repression in the absence of NF-kappa B.
7969113|These data demonstrate that a novel mode of kappa B-dependent regulation is mediated by specific kappa B sites in the NFKB2 promoter.
8230480|The Rel/NF-kappa B family of proteins includes several interacting cellular transcription factors and the v-Rel oncoprotein of the avian Rev-T retrovirus.
10469655|The NF-kappaB precursor p105 has dual functions: cytoplasmic retention of attached NF-kappaB proteins and generation of p50 by processing.
10469655|p50 homodimers are specifically bound by the transcription activator Bcl-3.
10469655|We show that TNFalpha, IL-1beta or phorbolester (PMA) trigger rapid formation of Bcl-3-p50 complexes with the same kinetics as activation of p50-p65 complexes.
10469655|TNF-alpha-induced Bcl-3-p50 formation requires proteasome activity, but is independent of p50-p65 released from IkappaBalpha, indicating a pathway that involves p105 proteolysis.
10469655|The IkappaB kinases IKKalpha and IKKbeta physically interact with p105 and inducibly phosphorylate three C-terminal serines.
10469655|Furthermore, a p105 mutant, lacking the IKK phosphorylation sites, acts as a super-repressor of IKK-induced NF-kappaB transcriptional activity.
10469655|Thus, the known NF-kappaB stimuli not only cause nuclear accumulation of p50-p65 heterodimers but also of Bcl-3-p50 and perhaps further transcription activator complexes which are formed upon IKK-mediated p105 degradation.
8087845|p105 processing can be blocked in intact cells with inhibitors of the proteasome or in yeast with proteasome mutants.
8087845|These inhibitors also block the activation of NF-kappa B and the rapid degradation of I kappa B alpha induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha.
8087845|Thus, the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway functions not only in the complete degradation of polypeptides, but also in the regulated processing of precursors into active proteins.
7530332|The p50 dimer envelopes an undistorted B-DNA helix, making specific contacts along the 10-base-pair kappa B recognition site mainly through loops connecting secondary structure elements in both domains.
8398903|The p105 carboxyl terminus, which contains ankyrin-like repeats, a feature of I kappa B molecules, regulates the cytoplasmic retention of p105 and inhibits DNA binding by the precursor.
8398903|p70 suppresses p65 and p75c-rel mediated transactivation of reporter genes under the control of NF-kappa B elements and in vitro can prevent DNA binding of p50 and p75c-rel homodimers to NF-kappa B sites.
8398903|p70 phosphorylated by protein kinase A fails to inhibit DNA binding by p50 or the c-rel protein, and sequencing of radiolabeled p70 tryptic phosphopeptides establishes that protein kinase A phosphorylates serine residue 576 of p70.
8398903|This finding suggests that the inhibitory activity of p70 can be regulated by signaling via the adenylate cyclase pathway.
1876189|The transcription factor NF-kappa B is a protein complex which comprises a DNA-binding subunit and an associated transactivation protein (of relative molecular masses 50,000 (50K) and 65K, respectively).
1876189|We now report the isolation of a complementary DNA that encodes an alternative DNA-binding subunit of NF-kappa B.
1876189|A 49K product (p49) can be generated independently from an alternatively spliced transcript; it has specific kappa B DNA-binding activity and can form heterodimers with other rel proteins.
1876189|In contrast to the approximately 50K protein derived from p105, p49 acts in synergy with p65 to stimulate the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enhancer in transiently transfected Jurkat cells.
1876189|p49/p100 NF-kappa B could therefore be important in the regulation of HIV and other kappa B-containing genes.
2203532|The DNA binding subunit of the transcription factor NF-kappa B, p50, has been cloned.
2203532|This establishes NF-kappa B as a member of the rel family of proteins, all of which display nuclear-cytosolic translocation.
11297557|The p105 precursor protein of NF-kappaB1 acts as an NF-kappaB inhibitory protein, retaining associated Rel subunits in the cytoplasm of unstimulated cells.
11297557|Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) stimulate p105 degradation, releasing associated Rel subunits to translocate into the nucleus.
11297557|By using knockout embryonic fibroblasts, it was first established that the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex is essential for these pro-inflammatory cytokines to trigger efficiently p105 degradation.
11297557|This residue is also required for TNFalpha and IL-1alpha to stimulate p105 degradation.
11297557|By using a specific anti-phosphopeptide antibody, it was confirmed that IKK2 overexpression induces serine 927 phosphorylation of co-transfected p105 and that endogenous p105 is also rapidly phosphorylated on this residue after TNFalpha or IL-1alpha stimulation.
11297557|In vitro kinase assays with purified proteins demonstrated that both IKK1 and IKK2 can directly phosphorylate p105 on serine 927.
11297557|Together these experiments indicate that the IKK complex regulates the signal-induced proteolysis of NF-kappaB1 p105 by direct phosphorylation of serine 927 in its PEST domain.
OTX2_BRARE.func:
7720578|At stage 10.25 Xotx2 is expressed in dorsal bottle cells and in cells of the dorsal deep zone fated to give rise to prechordal mesendoderm, suggesting a role in the specification of very anterior structures.
7898305|These results suggest that three zebrafish otx homeoproteins, alone or in combination, may play roles in very early embryogenesis, gastrulation, and the development and subdivision of the diencephalon and the midbrain.
8235591|The secreted factor noggin, which is expressed in the organizer, can mimic the dorsalizing signal of the organizer.
8235591|Data are presented showing that noggin directly induces neural tissue, that it induces neural tissue in the absence of dorsal mesoderm, and that it acts at the appropriate stage to be an endogenous neural inducing signal.
8235591|Noggin induces cement glands and anterior brain markers, but not hindbrain or spinal cord markers.
8235591|Thus, noggin has the expression pattern and activity expected of an endogenous neural inducer.
7931541|The spatial and temporal patterns suggest that Otx1 may play a role in the specification or differentiation of neurons in the deep layers of the cerebral cortex.
7931541|These results raise the possibility that Otx1 and Otx2 play a role in cerebellar regionalization during early development.
8101484|The expression patterns of the two genes in diencephalon suggest that they both have a role in establishing the boundary between presumptive dorsal and ventral thalamus.
8101484|Its gene product contains a homeodomain of the bicoid class and is able to recognize and transactivate a bicoid target sequence.
PENK_XENLA.func:
1721992|In brain, they function as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and neurohormones.
1721992|Recent studies show that proenkephalin mRNA is expressed early in development both in mammals and the amphibian, suggesting that enkephalins may play a unique role in embryogenesis.
9126357|Mass spectrometry of fragments produced by limited proteolytic digestion of pro-enkephalin was used to locate the disulfide bridges in synenkephalin (pro-enkephalin 1-73), a domain which contains sorting information for targeting the pro-neuropeptide to the granules of the regulated secretory pathway in neuroendocrine cells.
PRO2_HUMAN.func:
7758455|Profilin I and profilin II have similar affinities for PtdIns(4,5)P2 and poly(L-proline), and both accelerate nucleotide exchange on monomeric actin to the same extent.
7601111|Profilin II binds actin with a similar affinity to that of profilin I, although it inhibits actin polymerization more strongly than profilin I under non-equilibrium conditions.
10600384|Human profilins are multifunctional, single-domain proteins which directly link the actin microfilament system to a variety of signalling pathways via two spatially distinct binding sites.
10600384|Profilin binds to monomeric actin in a 1:1 complex, catalyzes the exchange of the actin-bound nucleotide and regulates actin filament barbed end assembly.
11034907|Profilins are a conserved family of proteins participating in actin dynamics and cell motility.
RBS_TOBAC.func:
8425051|We find protection of one or more of these sequences in the aforementioned organs, indicating that the corresponding DNA-binding proteins could function in directing differential expression of the genes, although functional studies would be required to establish this point.
SEP7_HUMAN.func:
9022087|Glycoprotein (GP) Ib is a major component of the platelet membrane receptor for von Willebrand factor, designated the GP Ib-IX-V complex.
8152419|Their products are associated with the formation of a ring of neck filaments that forms at the region of the mother cell-bud junction during mitosis.
8181057|In addition to its role in cytokinesis, pnut displays genetic interactions with seven in absentia, a gene required for neuronal fate determination in the compound eye, suggesting that pnut may have pleiotropic functions.
8181057|Our results suggest that this class of proteins is involved in aspects of cytokinesis that have been conserved between flies and yeast.
9889007|Based on sequence homologies, the gene belongs to an expanding family of GTP-binding proteins, septins, that are involved in cytokinesis.
8791410|Despite the apparent differences in modes of cytokinesis amongst species, septins appear to be essential for this process in both fungal and animal cells.
8791410|The septins also appear to be involved in various other aspects of the organization of the cell surface.
9203580|The mouse Nedd5 gene encodes a 41.5-kD GTPase similar to the Saccharomyces and Drosophila septins essential for cytokinesis.
9203580|Microinjection of anti-Nedd5 antibody interferes with cytokinesis, giving rise to binucleated cells.
9203580|The Nedd5-containing fibers are disrupted by microinjection of GTPgammaS and by Nedd5 mutants lacking GTP-binding activity, implying that GTP hydrolysis is required for its assembly.
9203580|The Nedd5-containing fibers also appear to physically contact actin bundles and focal adhesion complexes and are disrupted by cytochalasin D, C3 exoenzyme, and serum starvation, suggesting a functional interaction with the actin-based cytoskeletal systems in interphase cells.
9385360|We have isolated the cDNA corresponding to this DRES and show that it is a novel member of the family of septin genes, which encode proteins with GTPase activity thought to interact during cytokinesis.
2174398|Lymphocyte adhesion to high endothelial venule cells in lymphoid organs of mice is mediated by several cell-surface glycoproteins, one of which, gp90MEL-14, is detected by the MEL-14 monoclonal antibody (mAb).
2174398|Present experiments indicate that expression of gp90MEL-14, a cell-surface-adhesion receptor molecule, may be coregulated with additional cytoplasmic or nuclear factors.
9611266|Septins are a family of highly conserved filament-forming proteins that have been shown to mediate cytokinesis and cytoskeletal organization in fungi and Drosophila.
STRP_STREQ.func:
TGR3_RAT.func:
1657407|This indicates that the type III receptor may regulate the ligand-binding ability or surface expression of the type II receptor.
7894484|In the present study, endoglin, a transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) binding protein, was analysed as a candidate gene for the disorder based on chromosomal location, expression pattern and function.
8370410|Endoglin is an homodimeric membrane antigen with capacity to bind transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and whose expression is up-regulated on myeloid cells upon differentiation to macrophages.
8294451|Endoglin was phosphorylated on serine residue(s), which did not change after stimulation by TGF-beta 1.
8125301|The rat monoclonal antibody, MJ7/18, which reacts selectively with the endothelium of blood vessels in mouse was used to screen a cDNA library derived from a transformed mouse brain endothelial cell line.
8125301|The sequence of a cDNA encoding the cell surface MJ7/18 antigen revealed homology to human endoglin, a homodimeric transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-binding cell-surface glycoprotein expressed predominantly on vascular endothelial cells.
1657406|The transmembrane region and the short cytoplasmic tail of betaglycan are very similar to these regions in human endoglin, an endothelial cell membrane glycoprotein involved in intercellular recognition.
1657406|The unique features of betaglycan suggest important roles in cell interaction with TGF-beta.
8194490|This distribution is similar to that of extracellular TGF beta 1, particularly in heart and uterus, and suggests that endoglin on stromal fibroblast-like cells might be regulating access of TGF beta 1 to the signaling receptor complex.
8194490|Future studies should establish the specialized role of endoglin in the TGF beta receptor complex of endothelial and stromal cells.
1692830|The presence of RGD, a key recognition structure in cellular adhesion, suggests a critical role for endoglin in the binding of endothelial cells to integrins and/or other RGD receptors.
9554745|Endoglin, a TGF-beta binding protein which maps to chromosome 9q3, is the gene for HHT1.
7864874|The zona pellucida composed of three or four glycoproteins plays important roles in fertilization.
7841460|These results imply that all or most mammalian species express the ZPA, ZPB and ZPC proteins, which form the zona pellucida layer surrounding the oocyte.
VFUS_VACCC.func:
2822962|The 14-kilodalton protein appears to play an important role in virus penetration at the level of cell fusion; it also elicits neutralizing antibodies, and it forms covalently linked trimers on the surface of virions and in infected cells (Rodriguez et al., J. Virol. 56:482-488, 1985; Rodriguez et al., J. Virol. 61:395-404, 1987).
2389560|We have identified the virus-induced fusion protein as a 14-kDa envelope protein, based on the ability of a 14-kDa specific monoclonal antibody (mAbC3) to block vaccinia virus-induced fusion-from-within and fusion-from-without.
2389560|We provide genetic evidence for a role of the 14-kDa protein in cell fusion, since insertion of the 14-kDa encoding gene into the genome of nonfusogenic mutant viruses generates heterozygous viruses that now acquire acid pH-dependent fusion activity.
2389560|Our findings demonstrate that vaccinia virus can induce strong fusion of cells in culture at acid pH implying some entry of the virus by endocytosis, that the 14-kDa virus envelope protein is the fusogenic protein, and that the N-terminal proximal region is involved in fusion.
8384129|The complement-binding proteins, lymphokine-binding proteins, and serine protease inhibitors can be assigned to this type, as can the proteins providing the orthopoxviruses with resistance to interferon.
VGLG_IHNV.func:
2741347|The G protein was intracellularly transported to the cell surface and could induce cell fusion at low pH, showing that the expressed G protein was biologically active.
3005478|This suggests but does not prove a role for the G protein in NK cell killing of infected cells.
2985803|DNA sequences were determined for three cDNA clones encoding vesicular stomatitis virus glycoproteins from the tsO45 mutant (which encodes a glycoprotein that exhibits temperature-sensitive cell-surface transport), the wild-type parent strain, and a spontaneous revertant of tsO45.