AMYB_SOYBN.fun:

8174545| Both substitution of aspartic acid at position 101 and that of glutamic acid at position 186 of the enzyme by neutral andacidic amino acids, respectively, led to the complete elimination of activity, but did not induce any significant changesin circular dichroic spectra or the binding affinity for cyclomaltohexaose, a substrate analogue. 
8174545| The replacement of glutamic acid at position 345 decreased activity to below 6% of the non-mutant level, implying thatthis residue may also play a crucial role in beta-amylase activity, although it may not be involved at the catalyticsite itself. 
9847126| Starch levels, beta-amylase activities, and beta-amylase transcripts were reduced significantly in roots of defoliatedplants and in sucrose-deprived cell cultures. beta-Amylase transcript was high in roots of intact plants but could not bedetected 2 to 8 d after defoliation. beta-Amylase transcript levels increased in roots between September and October and thendeclined 10-fold in November and December after shoots were killed by frost.
7777485| Conserved Glu 187, believed to play an important role in catalysis, is located at the cleft between the (alpha/beta)8barrel core and a small domain made up of three long loops (L3, L4, and L5). 
8334116| The ligand does not bind deeply enough to interact with the carboxyl group of Glu 186. 
7716246| The levels of beta-amylase activity and of the mRNA for beta-amylase in rosette leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.increased significantly, with the concomitant accumulation of starch, when whole plants or excised mature leaves weresupplied with sucrose. 
7716246| These results suggest that the gene for beta-amylase of Arabidopsis is subject to regulation by a carbohydrate metabolicsignal, and expression of the gene in various tissues may be regulated by the carbon partitioning and sink-sourceinteractions in the whole plant. 
7716246| These results suggest that a light-induced signal and de novo synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm are involved inthe regulation. 
8011643| The catalytic center, located between the bound disaccharides and found deeper in the pocket than where the inhibitoralpha-cyclodextrin binds, is characterized by the presence of oppositely disposed carboxyl groups of two conserved glutamicacid residues.
8319688| The enzyme activity detected in E. coli lysate drastically increased with a lower cultivation temperature, and the totalactivity and specific activity of the enzyme in E. coli lysate cultured at 13 degrees C was 130-fold and 280-fold,respectively, the value at 37 degrees C.
8334116| We envision a significant role for the methyl groups of Leu 383 at the cleft entrance with respect to the productivebinding of the outer chains of starch. 
9677422| These results indicate that the expression system established here is suitable for studying structure-functionrelationships of beta-amylase. 
8174545| Taking account of the results obtained here, the above two amino acid residues are involved in the catalytic site ofsoybean beta-amylase. 
8174545| In contrast, substitution of cysteinyl residue at position 95 by a serinyl residue led to a drastic reducing of theoptimal temperature (from 50 degrees C to 30 degrees C), suggesting that this cysteinyl residue is responsible for the thermalstability of the enzyme. 
8011643| Crystal structures of soybean beta-amylase reacted with beta-maltose and maltal: active site components and their apparentroles in catalysis. (title) 
8011643| Two molecules of beta-maltose substrate bind to the protein in tandem, with some maltotetraose enzymic condensationproduct sharing the same binding sites. 
8103452| Sequence analysis of the inactivated enzyme revealed that Glu187 was specifically esterified by the affinity labeling withthe above reagent, proposing that Glu187 is a potent candidate involved directly in the catalysis with this plantbeta-amylase.
10617198| Heterochromatic regions surrounding the putative centromere, which has not yet been completely sequenced, arecharacterized by an increased frequency of a variety of repeats, new repeats, reduced recombination, lowered gene densityand lowered gene expression.
9847126| Our results show no clear association between beta-amylase activity or transcript abundance and starch hydrolysis inalfalfa roots.
8334116| Rather, it occupies most of the cleft entrance, strongly suggesting that alpha-cyclodextrin inhibits catalysis byblocking substrate access to the more deeply located reaction center.
8334116| All six residues of the bound alpha-cyclodextrin are of 4C1 conformation and are joined by alpha-1,4 linkages withsimilar torsional angles to form a nearly symmetrical torus as reported for crystalline inclusion complexes withalpha-cyclodextrin.
7716246| A supply of glucose or fructose, but not of mannitol or sorbitol, to plants also induced the expression of the gene forbeta-amylase, and the induction occurred not only in rosette leaves but also in roots, stems, and bracts.
8011643| The OE2 carboxyl of Glu 186 is below the plane of the penultimate glucose residue (Glc 2) of bound maltotetraose, 2.6 Afrom the oxygen atom of that ligand's penultimate alpha-1,4-glucosidic linkage.
14593172| This approach resulted in completion of approximately 30% of the Arabidopsis ORFeome as a resource for globalfunctional experimentation of the plant proteome.
8319688| His93, involving an imidazole, and Asp348, involving a carboxylate, in the highly conserved regions within thebeta-amylases were replaced by Arg (H93R) and Ash (D348N) by site-directed mutagenesis, respectively.
9847126| Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) roots contain large quantities of beta-amylase, but little is known about its role in vivo. 
9677422| In order to study the interaction of soybean beta-amylase with substrate, we solved the crystal structure ofbeta-cyclodextrin-enzyme complex and compared it with that of alpha-cyclodextrin-enzyme complex. 
9677422| The enzyme was expressed in Escherichia coli at a high level as a soluble and catalytically active protein. 
8011643| However, the saccharide complexes of the active enzyme are associated with a significant (10 A) local conformationalchange in a peptide segment of a loop (L3) that borders the active site pocket.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 
8319688| Therefore, neither His93 nor Asp348 may participate in the catalytic reaction directly. 
9918723| A comparison of the structures of BBA-7s and SBA indicated that the side-chain of Ser376 makes new hydrogen bonds to themain-chain of an adjacent beta-strand, and that the side-chains of Val297 reduce an unfavorable interaction between theside-chains of Ala314.
10617198| Analysis of 17.38 megabases of unique sequence, representing about 17% of the genome, reveals 3,744 protein coding genes,81 transfer RNAs and numerous repeat elements.
9847126| The great abundance of beta-amylase and its unexpected patterns of gene expression and protein accumulation support ourcurrent belief that this protein serves a storage function in roots of this perennial species.
1837016| Unlike beta-amylases from other origins, the sweet potato beta-amylase is a tetramer of identical subunits, and it also bearsstarch phosphorylase-inhibitor activity.
1837016| The SP6 transcript of a 2,000 base-pair-long cDNA insert directed the synthesis in vitro of a precursor to the subunit ofbeta-amylase which was identical in size with the mature subunit, and the beta-amylase mRNA detected by Northern blothybridization was identical in size with the SP6 transcript of the cDNA insert.
1837016| An amino acid sequence identical to the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the mature subunit appeared immediately after theinitiator methionine of the precursor, indicating that the subunit of beta-amylase is synthesized as a mature form.
1837016| Escherichia coli cells harboring the cDNA clone produced the mature-sized subunit of the beta-amylase, and the solubleextract exhibited amylolytic activity which migrated to the same position as the beta-amylase purified from the sweet potato innon-denaturing polyacrylamide gel containing soluble starch indicating that oligomerization of the subunit occurred properly inE. coli cells.
2446870| Southern blotting of genomic DNA demonstrates that beta-amylase is encoded by a small gene family, while cDNA sequenceanalysis indicates the presence of at least two types of mRNA in the endosperm.
1383095| Genomic Southern blot hybridization, restriction maps of independently isolated phage lambda genomic clones, and thenucleotide sequence of AmyB compared with that of the cDNA, all suggested that beta Amy of sweet potato is encoded by a genethat is present in a single copy per haploid genome.
1383095| In the 5'-upstream region of AmyB, there are sequences homologous to those conserved in the 5'-upstream regions of genesencoding sporamin, which are regulated similarly to AmyB.
8334116| Of the various alpha-cyclodextrin interactions with protein residues in loops L4, L5, L6, and L7, most notable is the shallowinclusion complex formed with Leu 383 (in L7, on the core side of the cleft) through contacts of its methyl groups with the C-3atoms of four of the ligand's D-glucopyranosyl residues.
9677422| The conformation of the bound beta-cyclodextrin takes an ellipsoid shape in contrast to the circular shape of the boundalpha-cyclodextrin.
9677422| This suggests that the binding site of the cyclodextrins is important for its holding of a cleaved substrate, whichenables the multiple attack mechanism of beta-amylase.
8174545| To determine which amino acid residues are essential for the catalytic activity of soybean beta-amylase,deoxyoligonucleotide site-directed mutagenesis was employed against aspartyl, glutamyl, and cysteinyl residues located in highlyconserved regions found in beta-amylase family to date.
8011643| Saccharide binding does not alter the spatial coordinates of these two carboxyl groups or the overall conformation of the57-kDa protein.
14593172| We identified 5817 novel transcription units, including a substantial amount of antisense gene transcription, and 40genes within the genetically defined centromeres.
8188635| A comparison of the beta-amylase sequences from Haruna two-rows and Hiproly barleys revealed nine differences in thenucleotide sequence which resulted in three changes in the amino acid residues and 21 additional nucleotides at its 3'-end inthe cultivar Haruna two-rows.
8319688| The enzyme produced in E. coli was purified by the affinity column chromatography of cyclomaltohexaose-immobilizedSepharose 6B.
2474529| Soybean beta-amylase was modified with 2,3-epoxypropyl alpha-D-(U-14C)glucopyranoside ((14C)alpha-EPG), a radioactiveaffinity-labeling reagent for beta-amylase, until it lost 95% of its enzyme activity.
2474529| It was concluded that the carboxylate of Glu-186 is a functional group at the catalytic site of soybean beta-amylase.
1491009| The interface of the two domains together with shorter loops from the (beta alpha)8 structure form a deep cleft, in whichalpha-cyclodextrin binds slightly away from the center.
7777485| Each subunit of sweet potato beta-amylase is composed of a large (alpha/beta)8 core domain, a small one made up of three longloops (L3 (residues 91-150), L4 (residues 183-258), and L5 (residues 300-327)), and a long C-terminal loop formed by residues445-493.
7777485| Conserved Cys 96, important in the inactivation of enzyme activity by sulfhydryl reagents, is located at the entrance ofthe (alpha/beta)8 barrel.
2430952| The blocked N-terminus and N-terminal sequence of soybean beta-amylase were determined by analyzing the acidic peptidesderived on peptic digestion of the enzyme.
2430952| The N-terminal 9 amino acid sequence of soybean beta-amylase was deduced to be acetyl-Ala-Thr-Ser-Asp-Ser-Asn-Met-(Gly-Leu)from the results of sequence analysis of Pep-4 and amino acid analysis of other acidic peptides.
9918723| The crystal structure of the sevenfold mutant of barley beta-amylase with increased thermostability at 2.5 A resolution.(title)
9918723| The three-dimensional structure of the sevenfold mutant of barley beta-amylase (BBA-7s) with increased thermostability wasdetermined by X-ray crystallography.
9918723| Out of the seven mutated amino acids, four (Ser295Ala, Ile297Val, Ser351Pro and Ala376Ser) were substitutions from the commonresidues with SBA to the thermostable forms.
10617198| The higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) is an important model for identifying plant genes and determining theirfunction.
10617198| To assist biological investigations and to define chromosome structure, a coordinated effort to sequence the Arabidopsisgenome was initiated in late 1996.
10617198| Many genes encode predicted proteins that are homologous to human and Caenorhabditis elegans proteins.
9847126| The beta-amylase cDNA encoded a 55.95-kD polypeptide with a deduced amino acid sequence showing high similarity to otherplant beta-amylases.
9847126| Alfalfa roots contain greater beta-amylase transcript levels compared with roots of sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis L.),red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.).
1837016| Molecular cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of cDNA encoding the subunit of sweet potato beta-amylase. (title)
1837016| A cDNA for the subunit of sweet potato beta-amylase was obtained by immunological screening of an expression cDNA libraryconstructed by the vector-primer and linker method using a plasmid vector containing tac-SP6 promoters.
2446870| Primary structure and differential expression of beta-amylase in normal and mutant barleys. (title)
2446870| The primary structure of barley endosperm beta-amylase, an enzyme which catalyses the liberation of maltose from1,4-alpha-D-glucans, has been deduced from the nucleotide sequence of a cloned full-length cDNA.
2446870| The mRNA is 1754 nucleotides long (excluding the poly(A) tail) and codes for a polypeptide of 535 amino acids with arelative molecular mass of 59,663.
2446870| The N-terminal region of the deduced sequence was identical to a 12-residue cyanogen-bromide-peptide sequence, indicatingthat beta-amylase is synthesized as the mature protein.
2446870| Dot and northern blot analysis show that Hiproly barley contains greatly increased levels of beta-amylase mRNA compared tothe normal cultivar Sundance, whereas Riso mutant 1508 contains only trace amounts.
2446870| These results correlate well with the deposition of beta-amylase during endosperm development in these lines.
2446870| Low but similar amounts of beta-amylase mRNAs sequences were detected in leaves and shoots from normal and mutant barleys,demonstrating that the mutant lys3a (1508) and lysl (Hiproly) genes do not affect the expression of beta-amylase in thesetissues.
1383095| A nuclear gene encoding beta-amylase of sweet potato. (title)
1383095| A nuclear AmyB gene from sweet potato encoding beta-amylase (beta Amy) that is abundant in tuberous roots and inducible inother organs by an exogenous supply of sucrose or polygalacturonic acid, was isolated and characterized.
1383095| In the sequence of AmyB, the sequence that is identical to that of the cDNA was split into seven exons by six introns, andthe transcription of this gene starts from multiple sites 26 to 30 bp downstream from a potential TATA-box sequence,5'-TATATAA.
1383095| The 5'-upstream region of AmyB also contains sequences to which several previously known plant nuclear factors bind.
8334116| New crystallographic findings are presented which offer a deeper understanding of the structure and functioning ofbeta-amylase, the first known exo-type starch-hydrolyzing enzyme.
8334116| A refined three-dimensional structure of soybean beta-amylase, complexed with the inhibitor alpha-cyclodextrin, has beendetermined at 2.0-A resolution with a conventional R-value of 17.5%.
8334116| The protein consists of a core with an (alpha/beta)8 supersecondary structure, plus a smaller globular region formed bylong loops (L3, L4, and L5) extending from beta-strands beta 3, beta 4, and beta 5.
8334116| The annular alpha-cyclodextrin binds in (and partly projects from) the cleft with its glucosyl O-2/O-3 face abutting the(alpha/beta)8 side and with its alpha-D(1 -->
8334116| 4) glucosidic linkage progression running clockwise as viewed from that side.
2457058| (Primary structure and function of beta-amylase) (title)
9677422| The purified recombinant enzyme had properties nearly identical to those of native soybean beta-amylase and formed the samecrystals as the native enzyme.
9677422| The cyclodextrins shared mainly two glucose binding sites, 3 and 4.
9677422| The glucose residue 4 was slightly shifted from the maltose binding site.
7716246| Sugar-inducible expression of a gene for beta-amylase in Arabidopsis thaliana. (title)
7716246| The sugar-inducible expression of the gene in Arabidopsis was severely repressed in the absence of light.
7716246| A fusion gene composed of the 5' upstream region of the gene for beta-amylase from Arabidopsis and the coding sequence ofbeta-glucuronidase showed the sugar-inducible expression in a light-dependent manner in rosette leaves of transgenicArabidopsis.
8174545| Residues essential for catalytic activity of soybean beta-amylase. (title)
8011643| The crystal structures of catalytically competent soybean beta-amylase, unliganded and bathed with small substrates(beta-maltose, maltal), were determined at 1.9-2.2-A resolution.
8011643| The beta-amylase soaked with maltal shows a similar arrangement of two bound molecules of 2-deoxymaltose, the enzymichydration product.
8011643| In each case the nonreducing ends of the saccharide ligands are oriented toward the base of the protein's active sitepocket.
8011643| The OE2 carboxyl of Glu 380 lies above the plane of Glc 2, 2.8 A from the O-1 atom of the more deeply bound beta-maltose.
14593172| Empirical analysis of transcriptional activity in the Arabidopsis genome. (title)
14593172| Functional analysis of a genome requires accurate gene structure information and a complete gene inventory.
9046591| A maize (Zea mays L.) cDNA clone (pZMB2) encoding beta-amylase was isolated from a cDNA library prepared from the aleuroneRNA of germinating kernels.
9046591| The cDNA encodes a predicted product of 488 amino acids with significant similarity to known beta-amylases from barley(Hordeum vulgare), rye (Secale cereale), and rice (Oryza sativa).
9046591| Northern blot analysis and in vitro translation-immunoprecipitation data indicate that the maize beta-amylase issynthesized de novo in the aleurone cells but not in the scutellum during seed germination.
8188635| Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of mRNA from developing barley (cultivar Haruna two-rows) endosperm was used toclone and sequence full-length cDNA encoding beta-amylase.
8534999| A structural gene encoding beta-amylase of barley. (title)
8534999| A structural gene encoding the beta-amylase that is abundant in the starchy endosperm of ungerminated barley seeds wasisolated and characterized.
8319688| The comparison of the amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA with the N-terminal peptide sequence from mature enzymeproved that beta-amylase had no leader sequence.
8319688| Employing the cDNA, the beta-amylase was directly synthesized in Escherichia coli by the expression vector pKK233-2controlled by the tac promoter.
8319688| Employing the established expression and purification system of the enzyme, the functional ionizable groups in the activesite were searched.
8319688| All beta-amylases, including the non-mutant and mutant beta-amylases, produced in E. coli exhibited lower Vmax values thanthat of beta-amylase isolated conventionally from soybean seeds.
8319688| Especially the Vmax value of (H93R)beta-amylase was reduced drastically compared to that of the non-mutant; however, noneof them lost their enzyme activities completely.
2474529| Identification of glutamic acid 186 affinity-labeled by 2,3-epoxypropyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside in soybean beta-amylase.(title)
2474529| Radioactivity derived from (14C)-alpha-EPG was found exclusively at Glu-186, the gamma-carboxyl group of which is esterifiedwith the affinity label.
1491009| The three-dimensional structure of a complex of soybean beta-amylase (EC 3.2.1.2) with an inhibitor, alpha-cyclodextrin,has been determined at 3.0 A resolution by X-ray diffraction analysis.
1491009| The large domain has a (beta alpha)8 super-secondary structure, while the smaller one is formed from two long loopsextending from the beta 3 and beta 4 strands of the (beta alpha)8 structure.
1491009| Two maltose molecules also bind in the cleft.
1491009| One shares a binding site with alpha-cyclodextrin and the other is situated more deeply in the cleft.

ANXB_HUMAN.fun:

7508441| Antibodies affinity-purified using the bacterially expressed recombinant protein recognized the 56K autoantigen in aHeLa cell extract. cDNA sequencing revealed that the 56K cDNA shares a high degree of homology in both nucleotide (87%) and aminoacid sequence (92.5%) with bovine annexin XI, indicating that the 56K cDNA encodes the human homologue of annexin XI, a memberof the Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipid binding protein family.
1535225| Two kinds of cDNAs were identified corresponding to annexin XI mRNA variants A and B, which are generated by alternativesplicing of identical primary transcripts. 
11013079| Multiple transcription start sites were revealed by primer extension analysis of the mouse gene, and transfectionconstructs containing the prospective promoter generated transcriptional activity comparable to that of the SV40 promoter.
7508441| Patients' sera recognize preferentially the N-terminal region of the protein, which is specific for 56K/annexin XI and notshared by other annexins, indicating that the autoimmune response to 56K/annexin XI in these patients is specific for thisannexin family member. 
1535225| Alternatively spliced annexin XI transcripts encode proteins that differ near the amino-terminus. (title)
1535225| Annexins are a family of structurally related calcium-dependent phospholipid binding proteins.
8938449| Its 189-aa amino terminus corresponded to the widely expressed variant 1 of two possible, alternatively spliced forms.
8938449| The Anx11 gene localized to mouse chromosome 14 in close linkage with the Rarb, Plau, and Wnt5a genes near the centromereand 1.8 cM distal from the Anx7 gene. 
1372001| This novel annexin gene is expressed in a wide variety of tissues and isolated cells in culture. 
7508441| The in vitro translated protein is recognized by all anti-56K positive patient sera tested.
11013079| Mouse annexin A11 genomic clones were characterized by restriction analysis, Southern blotting, and DNA sequencing, andthe homologous human gene (HGMW-approved gene symbol ANXA11) was deciphered from high-throughput genomic sequence with coanalysisof expressed sequence tags.
8938449| Mouse annexin XI (anx11)2 was cloned from a macrophage cDNA library and characterized by genetic linkage mapping, DNAsequencing, and structural comparison with other annexins.
1372001| Annexins (or lipocortins) are a family of at least 10 structurally related calcium- and phospholipid-binding proteins.
1380798| CAP-50 is a member of annexin family proteins which binds specifically to calcyclin in a Ca2+ dependent manner(Tokumitsu.
7508441| To clarify the molecular structure of this autoantigen, we isolated a 2.0-kilobase pair cDNA clone considered to encode thefull-length 56K autoantigen.
7508441| The longest open reading frame encodes a 505-amino acid polypeptide, with a predicted molecular mass of 54.4 kDa.
12477932| ESTs were generated from libraries enriched for full-length cDNAs and analyzed to identify candidate full-ORF clones,which then were sequenced to high accuracy.
1535225| Annexin XI isoforms are predicted to differ at the amino-terminus, suggesting that they may have distinct biological roles.
11013079| The genomic organization of the annexin A11 gene was determined in mouse and human to assess its congruity with otherfamily members and to examine the species variation in alternative splicing patterns.
11013079| Exons 6-15 of the tetrad core repeat region differ from annexins A7 and A13 but are spliced identically to otherphylogenetic descendents, making annexin A11 the putative primary progenitor of up to nine paralogous human annexins.
11013079| The 5' regions consist of untranslated exon 1, followed by an extensive intron 1 comprising almost half the total genelength of >40 kb, and additional GC-rich exons 2-5 encoding the proline- and glycine-rich amino-terminus.
11013079| Distinct cDNA isoforms in cow and human were determined to be unique to each species and hence of dubious generalsignificance for this gene's function.
8938449| The open reading frame was flanked by long, untranslated regions and encoded a 503-amino-acid protein with 93.1% identityto its human orthologue.
8938449| A previously described peptide from Aplysia brasiliana was identified as a closely related invertebrate homologue.
8938449| Since annexin XI is known to be localized in the nucleus at certain stages of development, the identification of a region intetrad repeats 3 and 4 resembling the "chromo box" domain may be relevant to a nuclear regulatory function of annexinXI.
8938449| Knowledge of the mouse cDNA sequence and genetic map location will assist in the analysis of genomic organization andexpression and provide a useful animal model to investigate gene function and hereditary phenotype for annexin XI.
1372001| Identification of a novel mammalian annexin. cDNA cloning, sequence analysis, and ubiquitous expression of the annexin XIgene. (title)
1380798| Molecular cloning of rabbit CAP-50, a calcyclin-associated annexin protein. (title)
1380798| The cDNA representing the rabbit form of this protein has been cloned from rabbit lung cDNA library.
1380798| CAP-50 cDNA encodes a 503 residue protein with a calculated M(r) of 54,043 and shows that the protein is composed of fourimperfect repeats and hydrophobic N-terminal region.

BRS3_HUMAN.fun:

10425452| His(294) was previously identified as important in ligand-receptor interactions while Arg(294) was implicated in highligand affinity. 
9573346| Bombesin (BN)-like peptides/neurotransmitters mediate a broad range of physiological funtions in the gastrointestinal tractand the central nervous system through binding to their specific, high-affinity mammalian bombesin receptors. 
8383682| Expression of BRS-3 cDNA in Xenopus oocytes encodes a functional receptor that is specifically activated by BN-likepeptides. 
9262170| In contrast, BRS-3 has been shown to be expressed in rat testis and guinea-pig uterus, therefore it is possible that adifferent subtype of the bombesin receptor mediates the same response in different species. 
9262170| In the adult mouse, the NMB-R mRNA is expressed in the brain, testis, esophagus, intestine and uterus, whereas the BRS-3mRNA is expressed predominantly in the brain. 
10425452| The bombesin receptor subtype 3 (BRS-3) is considered an orphan receptor as it has a low affinity for bombesin-likepeptides and no identified natural ligand. 
10425452| However, the high expression of BRS-3 in the pituitary coupled with elevated circulating levels of this GRP-likepeptide during pregnancy suggests an alternate pathway. 
10425452| Cloning of the ovine BRS-3 gene will permit a detailed functional analysis of this receptor in the sheep and its rolein the mediation of action of uterine GRP. 
8383682| These results suggest a role for BN-like peptides and their receptors in mammalian reproductive physiology and alsoindicate that BRS-3 could serve as a potential therapeutic target for human lung carcinoma.
1325907| The relative order of ligand affinity, GRP = neuromedin C much greater than neuromedin B, suggests that the cloned cDNArepresents the GRP subtype rather than the neuromedin-B subtype of bombesin receptors.
10425452| Highly conserved amino acids important in mediating receptor G-protein coupling to second messengers and important inligand binding were found to be conserved in ovine BRS-3.
8131855| Organization and chromosomal localization of the gene for the human bombesin receptor subtype expressed in pregnant uterus.(title) 
8131855| This subtype of bombesin receptor is expressed in the pregnant uterus and in two human tumour cell lines, T47D (ductalbreast carcinoma) and A431 (epidermal carcinoma). 
8383682| BRS-3: a novel bombesin receptor subtype selectively expressed in testis and lung carcinoma cells. (title) 
8383682| In contrast, BRS-3 mRNA is widely expressed in a panel of human cell lines from all histological types of lung carcinoma.
1325907| Molecular cloning of a new bombesin receptor subtype expressed in uterus during pregnancy. (title) 
9573346| This family of heptahelical, G-protein coupled receptors includes the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R, or bb2),neuromedin B receptor (NMB-R, or bb1), and the bombesin receptor subtype 3 (BRS-3, or bb3).
8383682| The bombesin (BN)-like peptides mediate a diverse spectrum of biological activities and have been implicated as autocrinegrowth factors in the pathogenesis and progression of some human small cell lung carcinoma tumors.
1325907| The homology screening approach has been used to clone a new member of the guanine-nucleotide-binding-protein-coupledreceptor superfamily from guinea pig uterus.
10425452| We have reported a novel form of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) present in high abundance in the pregnant uterus ofwomen and sheep.
8131855| The gene encoding the human homologue of the guinea pig uterine bombesin receptor ((1992) Eur.
9573346| The tissue distribution of BRS-3 is quite dissimilar compared to the other two BN receptors, GRP-R and NMB-R, and a naturalligand for BRS-3 is currently unknown.
9573346| Nothing is known about mechanisms regulating BRS-3 gene expression and possible association with disease.
9573346| The structural data of the BRS-3 genes derived from this study will permit future investigations of the mechanismsregulating their expression.
8383682| Previously, two mammalian BN-like peptide receptor subtypes, gastrin-releasing peptide receptor and neuromedin-B receptor,have been cloned and characterized.
8383682| In this study, we have isolated and characterized human genomic and complementary DNA (cDNA) clones encoding a new BN-likepeptide receptor subtype, BN receptor subtype 3 (BRS-3).
1325907| The cloned cDNA encodes a 399-amino-acid protein and shows the highest amino acid similarity to members of the bombesinreceptor family;
1325907| 52% and 47% similarity to the gastrin-releasing-peptide (GRP) receptor and the neuromedin-B receptor, respectively.
1325907| Binding experiments with the stably transfected LLC-PK1 cell line expressing the new receptor protein confirmed thebombesin-like nature of the cloned receptor.
1325907| Northern-blot analysis of mRNA species from several guinea-pig tissues showed that the mRNA for the new bombesin receptorsubtype is expressed mainly in uteri of pregnant animals.
9262170| Cloning and expression of the neuromedin B receptor and the third subtype of bombesin receptor genes in the mouse. (title)
9262170| In the brain, the NMB-R gene expression is prominent in the thalamic and olfactory regions, and the BRS-3 gene is expressedparticularly in the hypothalamic region.
9262170| In mouse testis, the NMB-R gene expression is prominent, and the expression of BRS-3 mRNA is barely detected.
9262170| Together with the mouse GRP-R gene cloned previously, cloning of the mouse NMB-R and BRS-3 genes permits comparison offunction and structure of the three bombesin receptor subtypes in the mouse.
10425452| Molecular cloning, genomic organization and selective expression of bombesin receptor subtype 3 in the sheep hypothalamusand pituitary. (title)
10425452| As BRS-3 was originally cloned from guinea pig uterus, we postulated that the uterine GRP-like peptide may be its naturalligand.
10425452| Thus ovine BRS-3 may have binding characteristics different from those of the human, mouse and guinea pig BRS-3receptors.
10425452| We conclude that there is no local interaction between uterine GRP-like peptide and BRS-3.

CB2R_HUMAN.fun:
PMID act>10688601: The rat CB(2) showed low affinity for anandamide, an endogenous ligand shown to act at the CB(1) receptor. 
10688601| It bound to CB(1) and CB(2) receptors with low affinity and stimulated GTPgammaS binding in the cerebellum andCB(2)-expressing cell lines with low potency. 
8679694| Binding experiments with membranes from COS-3 cells transiently expressing mCB2 showed that the synthetic cannabinoid WIN55212-2 had a 6-fold lower affinity for mCB2 than for hCB2, whereas both receptors showed similar affinities for the agonistsCP 55,940, delta(9)-THC and anandamide and almost no affinity for the central receptor- (CB1) specific antagonist SR141716A. 
9261404| Our data suggest that the peripheral cannabinoid receptor gene might be involved in leukemogenesis as a result ofaberrant expression of Cnr2 due to retroviral integration in Evi11. 
8679694| Both hCB2 and mCB2 mediate agonist-stimulated inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP production in CHO cell linespermanently expressing the receptors.
9261404| The Cnr2 gene encodes a seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor which is normally expressed in hematopoietictissues. 
12084572| Like hCB2 and mCB2 receptors, rCB2 activates mitogen-activated protein kinase when it is stably expressed inChinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. 
10688601| In contrast, high-affinity binding for SR144528 (CB(2)-selective antagonist) as well as several cannabinoid receptoragonists was observed.
7689702| Marijuana, and delta 9-THC, also exert a wide range of other effects including analgesia, anti-inflammation,immunosuppression, anticonvulsion, alleviation of intraocular pressure in glaucoma, and attenuation of vomiting. 
7689702| The clinical application of cannabinoids has, however, been limited by their psychoactive effects, and this has led tointerest in the biochemical bases of their action. 
7689702| This receptor is expressed in the brain but not in the periphery, except for a low level in testes. 
7689702| Here we report the cloning of a receptor for cannabinoids that is not expressed in the brain but rather in macrophages inthe marginal zone of spleen. 
10688601| The rat CB(2) receptor was stably expressed in human embryonic kidney-293 cells to examine its pharmacology. 
7689702| Progress stemmed initially from the synthesis of potent derivatives of delta 9-THC, and more recently from the cloning of agene encoding a G-protein-coupled receptor for cannabinoids.
7689702| It has been proposed that the nonpsychoactive effects of cannabinoids are either mediated centrally or through directinteraction with other, non-receptor proteins.
10688601| The rat CB(2) receptor genomic clone will be a useful tool for studying the function and regulation of CB(2) in rats.
8679694| SR 141716A failed to antagonize this activity in either cell line, confirming its specificity for CB1.
9261404| Cnr2 is suggested to be the target gene for viral interference in Evi11, since proviruses are integrated in the firstintron of Cnr2 and retroviral integrations alter mRNA expression of Cnr2 in NFS107 and NFS78.
12084572| The rat peripheral cannabinoid receptor (rCB2) was cloned from a Sprague-Dawley rat spleen cDNA library and whentranslated, encodes a protein of 410 amino acids.
12084572| PCR screening and sequencing of rat genomic DNA showed that rCB2 is encoded by three exons interrupted by two introns,one of which is polymorphic and contains a 209 base pair B2 (SINE) element.
12084572| The importance of the carboxy terminus in regulating CB2 receptor desensitization and internalization iswell-established.
12084572| Thus, the profound differences identified in this region of the CB2 receptor between species mandates caution whenextrapolating experimental results from non-human models to the effects of chronic CB2 receptor stimulation in humans.
10688601| Many of the pharmacological effects of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol are mediated through CB(1) and CB(2) cannabinoidreceptors.
10688601| The gene for the rat CB(2) receptor was cloned, expressed, and its properties compared with those of mouse and humanCB(2) receptors.
8679694| Molecular cloning, expression and function of the murine CB2 peripheral cannabinoid receptor. (title)
8679694| The 3.7 kb sequence contains an open reading frame encoding a protein of 347 residues sharing 82% overall identity with theonly other known peripheral receptor, human CB2 (hCB2) and shorter than hCB2 by 13 amino acids at the carboxyl terminus.
12477932| ESTs were generated from libraries enriched for full-length cDNAs and analyzed to identify candidate full-ORF clones,which then were sequenced to high accuracy.
9261404| The genes encoding the peripheral cannabinoid receptor and alpha-L-fucosidase are located near a newly identified commonvirus integration site, Evi11. (title)
9261404| A new common region of virus integration, Evi11, has been identified in two retrovirally induced murine myeloid leukemiacell lines, NFS107 and NFS78.
9261404| The genes encoding the peripheral cannabinoid receptor (Cnr2) and alpha-L-fucosidase (Fuca1) were identified near theintegration site by using a novel exon trapping system.
12084572| By Northern hybridization and ribonuclease protection assay (RPA), rCB2 mRNA was detected in rat spleen, testis, thymusand lung but not in rat brain, heart, kidney or liver.

DVL3_MOUSE.fun:

8288125| Overall, cells lacking dsh are unable to adopt fates specified by Wg. dsh functions cell autonomously, indicating that itis involved in the response of target cells to the Wg signal. dsh is expressed uniformly in the embryo and encodes anovel protein with no known catalytic motifs, although it shares a domain of homology with several junction-associatedproteins. 
8817329| The Drosophila dishevelled gene (dsh) encodes a secreted glycoprotein, which regulates cell proliferation, actingas a transducer molecule for developmental processes, including segmentation and neuroblast specification. 
8288125| In the embryonic epidermis, Wg protein is secreted and taken up by neighboring cells, in which it is required formaintenance of engrailed transcription and accumulation of Armadillo protein. 
7958461| In the Drosophila embryo dishevelled (dsh) function is required by target cells in order to respond to wingless(wg, the homolog of Wnt-1), demonstrating a role for dsh in Wnt signal transduction. 
11354832| Furthermore, DVL-1 is involved in the Notch signalling system, which plays a role in the disorder cerebralautosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy, the symptoms of, which include ischaemicstroke. 
8288125| The Drosophila segment polarity gene dishevelled encodes a novel protein required for response to the winglesssignal. (title) 
8288125| The dishevelled (dsh) gene mediates these signaling events as well as wg-dependent induction across tissue layers in theembryonic midgut. dsh is also required for the development processes in which wg functions in adult development. 
9039502| Among the known genes to which significant similarity was shown, the genes that play key roles in regulation ofdevelopmental stages, apoptosis and cell-to-cell interaction were included. 
8887313| The segment polarity gene dishevelled (dsh) of Drosophila is required for pattern formation of the embryonic segments andthe adult imaginal discs. dsh encodes the earliest-acting and most specific known component of the signal transductionpathway of Wingless, an extracellular signal homologous to Wnt1 in mice. 
9344861| The data indicates that DVL-3 is widely expressed in human cells and supports the notion of a new developmental genefamily for dishevelled which may have a widespread role in signal transduction. 
7744250| Wg signaling generates a hyperphosphorylated form of Dsh, which is associated with a membrane fraction. 
8149913| We propose that dishevelled encodes an intracellular protein required to respond to a wingless signal and that thisinteraction is essential for establishing both cell polarity and cell identity.
9132266| Sequence analysis of the 5'-flanking region of the gene revealed a high GC content, six CCGCCC Sp-1-binding motifs, CREB,LBP-1 (leader-binding protein 1), and TGGCA-binding consensus sites.
8887313| Like the other genes, Dvl2 is ubiquitously expressed throughout most of embryogenesis and is expressed in many adultorgans. 
8149913| Here, we show that loss of dishevelled function in clones, in double heterozygotes with wingless mutants and in fliesbearing a weak dishevelled transgene leads to patterning defects which phenocopy defects observed in wingless mutants alone. 
8149913| The dishevelled gene encodes a novel intracellular protein that shares an amino acid motif with several other proteins thatare found associated with cell junctions. 
9344861| dishevelled (Dsh) is a member of the segment polarity gene family in Drosophila which plays an important role in theearly developmental patterning processes. 
7600981| Lineage tracing experiments show that cells derived from the injected blastomere contribute to anterior and dorsalstructures of the induced axis. 
8817329| Although the precise role of these genes in embryogenesis is only conjectural at present, the structural and evolutionarycharacteristics suggest that mutations at their loci may be involved in neural and heart developmental defects. 
9132266| Promoter-luciferase constructs have demonstrated that the promoter is functional in transfection assays and that itsactivity is orientation dependent.
8644734| It has been suggested that the wide phenotype spectrum associated with 22q11 monosomy is a consequence of contiguous-genedeletions. 
8644734| Human DVL mRNAs are expressed in several fetal and adult tissues, including the thymus and, at high levels, the heart. 
8887313| The Dvl2 amino acid sequence is equally related to the dsh sequence as is that of Dvl1, but Dvl2 is most similar to theXenopus homolog Xdsh. 
8288125| The Drosophila Wnt-1 homolog, wingless (wg), is involved in the signaling of patterning information in several contexts. 
9039502| Taking into account of both the search data on sequence similarity and protein motifs, at least seven genes were consideredto be related to transcriptional regulation and six genes to signal transduction. 
7958461| In the embryo, Dvl-1 is expressed in most tissues, with uniformly high levels in the central nervous system. 
7958461| Throughout postnatal development of the brain Dvl-1 is highly expressed in areas of high neuronal cell density. 
7600981| Signaling factors of the Wnt proto-oncogene family are implicated in dorsal axis formation during vertebrate development,but the molecular mechanism of this process is not known. 
7600981| Studies in Drosophila have indicated that the dishevelled gene product is required for wingless (Wnt1 homolog) signaltransduction. 
11354832| A quantitative trait locus on chromosome 5 in the rat is linked to sensitivity to brain ischemia in the stroke-pronespontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP). 
8922524| In embryos, Dvl3 is expressed in every tissue between 7.5 and 9.5 days postcoitum, and by 10.5 days postcoitum highestexpression was seen in the dorsal root ganglia, somites, limb buds, branchial arches, heart, gut and throughout the developingcentral nervous system. 
8817329| Both human DVL genes are widely expressed in fetal and adult tissues, including brain, lung, kidney, skeletal muscle andheart. 
8817329| DVL-1 and DVL-3 are members of a human dsh-like gene family, which is probably involved in human development. 
9132266| We have characterized the genomic organization of a mouse homolog (Dvl-1) of Drosophila dishevelled, a segment polarity generequired for wingless signal transduction. 
7744250| Genetic evidence indicates that another segment polarity gene, dishevelled (dsh) is required for Wg signaling. 
9192851| Our results indicate that the human dishevelled genes constitute a multigene family and that Dishevelled proteins arehighly conserved among metazoans. 
8644734| The pivotal role of dsh in fly development suggests an analogous key function in vertebrate embryogenesis of itshomologue genes.
8887313| Thus, Dvl2 encodes a mammalian homolog of dsh which can transduce the Wingless signal.
8149913| The dishevelled gene of Drosophila is required to establish coherent arrays of polarized cells and is also required toestablish segments in the embryo.
8149913| Further, polarized cells in all body segments require dishevelled function to establish planar cell polarity, and somewingless alleles and dishevelled; wingless double heterozygotes exhibit bristle polarity defects identical to those seen indishevelled alone.
8149913| Clonal analysis of dishevelled in leg discs provides a unique opportunity to test the hypothesis that the winglessdishevelled interaction species at least one of the circumferential positional values predicted by the polar coordinatemodel.
8288125| Our results demonstrate that dsh encodes a specific component of Wg signaling and illustrate that Wnt proteins mayutilize a novel mechanism of extracellular signal transduction.
9298901| Surprisingly, these mice exhibited reduced social interaction, including differences in whisker trimming, deficits innest-building, less huddling contact during home cage sleeping, and subordinate responses in a social dominance test.
9298901| These results are consistent with an interpretation that common genetic mechanisms underlie abnormal social behavior andsensorimotor gating deficits and implicate Dvl1 in processes underlying complex behaviors.
7958461| The 695-amino-acid protein encoded by the mouse dishevelled gene (Dvl-1) shares 50% identity (65% similarity) with dsh.
7958461| While no functional motifs were identified, one region of Dvl-1 was found to be similar to a domain of discs large-1 (dlg),a Drosophila tumor suppressor gene.
7600981| We demonstrate that injection of mRNA encoding a Xenopus homolog of dishevelled (Xdsh) into prospective ventral mesodermalcells triggers a complete dorsal axis formation in Xenopus embryos.
8922524| The region of highest conservation between all three Dvl coding regions, at 97% identity, is noted at the PDZ domain (alsotermed the DHR domain or GLGF motif), a motif of 60 amino acids present in all dishevelled encoded proteins and first describedin the Drosophila discs large (dlg) tumor suppressor gene.
9132266| Multiple transcription initiation sites were mapped by primer extension analysis and confirmed by reporter gene assay.
7744250| We conclude that dsh, a highly conserved gene, is not merely a permissive factor in Wg signaling but encodes a novel signaltransduction molecule, which may function between the Wg receptor and more downstream signaling molecules.
8644734| Sequences homologous to the 3' UTR of these transcripts (DVL-22) were positioned within the DGS critical region and werefound to be deleted in DGS patients.
8644734| Two transcripts, 3.2 and 5kb, were detected, in northern blot analysis, with different expression patterns in the surveyedtissues when different cDNAs were used.
8887313| Conservation of dishevelled structure and function between flies and mice: isolation and characterization of Dvl2. (title)
8887313| We have developed an assay for dsh function in fly embryos, and show that Dvl2 can partially rescue the segmentationdefects of embryos devoid of dsh.
8149913| dishevelled is required during wingless signaling to establish both cell polarity and cell identity. (title)
9298901| Social interaction and sensorimotor gating abnormalities in mice lacking Dvl1. (title)
9298901| Mice completely deficient for Dvl1, one of three mouse homologs of the Drosophila segment polarity gene Dishevelled, werecreated by gene targeting.
9298901| Sensorimotor gating was abnormal, as measured by deficits in prepulse inhibition of acoustic and tactile startle.
9344861| The human DVL-3 gene encodes a predicted 716 amino acid protein which exhibits 98% amino acid identity with mouse Dvl-3 and49% with Drosophila Dsh.
9344861| The expression of DVL-3 mRNA was detected in 30 human cell lines and 2 primary cell cultures.
9344861| In human colorectal samples, DVL-3 was expressed equally in matched normal tissues, polyps and tumours.
9039502| In this series of projects of sequencing human cDNA clones which correspond to relatively long and nearly full-lengthtranscripts, we newly determined the sequences of 80 clones, and predicted the coding sequences of the corresponding genes,named KIAA0201 to KIAA0280.
9039502| Computer search against the public databases indicated that the sequences of 22 genes were unrelated to any reported genes,while the remaining 58 genes carried sequences which show some similarities to known genes.
9039502| When the expression profiles of the cDNA clones were examined with different human tissues, about half of the clones frombrain (5 of 11) showed significant tissue-specificity, while approximately 80% of the genes from KG-1 were expressedubiquitously.
7958461| Similarity searches of protein and DNA data bases revealed that Dvl-1 encodes an otherwise novel polypeptide.
7958461| From 7.5 days postcoitum Dvl-1 is expressed throughout the developing brain and spinal cord, including those regionsexpressing Wnt-1 and En.
7600981| Dorsalizing and neuralizing properties of Xdsh, a maternally expressed Xenopus homolog of dishevelled. (title)
7600981| In contrast to its effect on mesoderm, overexpression of Xdsh mRNA in prospective ectodermal cells triggers anterior neuraltissue differentiation.
7600981| These studies suggest that Wnt signal transduction pathway is conserved between Drosophila and vertebrates and point to arole for maternal Xdsh product in dorsal axis formation and in neural induction.
11354832| The genes encoding atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) that map to this location havebeen excluded as candidate genes.
11354832| Our results essentially exclude the DVL-1 gene as the cause for sensitivity to cerebral ischaemic insult in this ratmodel of stroke.
8922524| The Drosophila dishevelled (dsh) segment polarity gene is required to establish cell fates specified by wingless/Wnt signaltransduction during development.
9132266| The 5'-flanking region has strong promoter activity when placed upstream of the luciferase gene.
9132266| Promoter deletions were used to define the 5' and 3' boundaries for promoter activity and revealed the presence of bothpositive and negative regulatory elements.
7744250| We have recently developed a cell culture system for Wg protein activity, and using this in vitro system as well as intactDrosophila embryos, we have analyzed biochemical changes in the Dsh protein as a consequence of Wg signaling.
7744250| Overexpressed Dsh becomes hyperphosphorylated in the absence of extracellular Wg and increases levels of the Armadilloprotein, thereby mimicking the Wg signal.
7744250| A deletional analysis of Dsh identifies several conserved domains essential for activity, among which is a so-calledGLGF/DHR motif.
9192851| Three human genes encoding proteins homologous to Drosophila Dishevelled protein were cloned and characterized.
9192851| Two of these regions do not exhibit significant sequence similarity with other known proteins; the third is similar to thediscs-large homology region, which was first found in a Drosophila Discs-large tumor suppressor protein (also known as GLGF orPDZ domain).
9192851| We produced antibodies against human Dishevelled-2 and demonstrated that it is a phosphoprotein and can be detected in allcell lines and human embryonic tissues examined.
12477932| ESTs were generated from libraries enriched for full-length cDNAs and analyzed to identify candidate full-ORF clones,which then were sequenced to high accuracy.
7588081| Dorsalizing and neuralizing properties of Xdsh, a maternally expressed Xenopus homolog of dishevelled. (title)

ELIA_PHYCP.fun:

9385630| Residue 13, which has been identified from directed mutagenesis and natural sequence comparison studies as a key amino acidinvolved in the differential control of necrosis, is surface exposed and could contribute to the binding to aligand or a receptor. PMID act>8664508:  Elicitins, proteinaceous elicitors secreted by Phytophthora spp., act as inducers of a hypersensitive-likeresponse in tobacco during incompatible interactions. 
8274771| Bacterial expression of the cloned elicitin gene as a translational fusion protein containing glutathione S-transferaseyielded a biologically active protein capable of inducing a hypersensitive response in tobacco, suggesting thatfungus-specific postranslational modifications of elicitin are not required for its activity. 
2583277| The differences in the 3 elicitin sequences were correlated to the biological activities: 2 lysines were ascribed as the keyamino acids involved in the differential control of protection with respect to necrosis. 
2776750| Secondary structure predictions, hydropathy and flexibility profiles differ only around position 15 and at the C-terminus;these modifications could play a role in the modulation of their biological activities. 
9385630| Elicitins are necrotic and signaling proteins secreted by Phytophthora spp. responsible for the incompatible reaction andsystemic hypersensitive-like necroses of diverse plant species leading to resistance against fungal or bacterial plantpathogens. 
8031752| Capsicein belongs to the elicitin family, elicitor molecules having toxic and signaling properties that are secreted byPhytophthora fungi, responsible for the incompatible hypersensitive reaction of diverse plant species leading to resistanceagainst fungal or bacterial plant pathogens. 
7763784| In addition to the point mutation already known to correlate with the differences in necrotic activities between alpha andbeta isoforms, we found another region of the molecule likely to be involved in the regulation of the toxicity. 
1368359| This residue could be either an active or a regulatory site, involved in the interaction with a receptor responsiblefor necrosis induction. 
8994969| BACKGROUND: Elicitins form a novel class of plant necrotic proteins which are secreted by Phytophthora and Pythiumfungi, parasites of many economically important crops. 
8994969| These proteins induce leaf necrosis in infected plants and elicit an incompatible hypersensitive-like reaction, leadingto the development of a systemic acquired resistance against a range of fungal and bacterial plant pathogens. 
8994969| The crystal structure determination of beta-cryptogein (CRY), secreted by Phytophthora cryptogea, was undertaken toidentify structural features important for the necrotic activity of elicitins. 
8664508| Two of these genes encode distinct elicitins, and two genes would encode, if expressed, a class of highly acidicelicitins which had not been observed so far.
7763784| Sequences of acidic and basic elicitin isoforms secreted by Phytophthora megasperma megasperma. (title) 
7763784| Elicitins are toxic proteins secreted by Phytophthora spp. responsible for the incompatible reaction and systemic leafnecroses on tobacco. 
2776750| Cryptogein causes visible leaf necrosis starting at about 1 microgram/plant, whereas 50-fold as much capsicein is requiredfor the same reaction. 
9385630| Three-dimensional solution structure of beta cryptogein, a beta elicitin secreted by a phytopathogenic fungus Phytophthoracryptogea. (title) 
1368359| Structures of elicitin isoforms secreted by Phytophthora drechsleri. (title) 
8664508| The isolation of a genomic clone led to the characterization of four clustered genes. 
8664508| Northern blots indicate that elicitin genes are expressed in the fungus grown in vitro, though at different levels. 
8125100| A three-dimensional non-selective homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn/nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy experiment was performedon capsicein, a 10161-Da elicitin secreted by the Phytophthora capsici fungus. 
8031752| The sequential assignment was obtained for main- and side-chain resonances and led to the identification of all secondarystructures. 
8031752| The C-terminal secondary structure motifs of capsicein evoke phospholipase structural features, which suggests that elicitinsmight interact with the lipidic molecules of the plasma membrane. 
8994969| Crystal structure of a fungal elicitor secreted by Phytophthora cryptogea, a member of a novel class of plant necroticproteins. (title) 
2776750| In addition, both proteins protect tobacco against invasion by the pathogen Phytophthora nicotianac, the agent of thetobacco black shank, that is unable to produce such an elicitor.
2776750| Capsicein induces protection even in near absence of leaf necrosis.
8664508| Characterization of a gene cluster of Phytophthora cryptogea which codes for elicitins, proteins inducing ahypersensitive-like response in tobacco. (title)
8664508| We have isolated and cloned sequences encoding cryptogein and related isoforms from P. cryptogea that belong to theelicitin family.
8664508| Southern hybridization revealed that elicitins are encoded by a multigene family in several other species ofPhytophthora.
8664508| Moreover, isolates of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, pathogenic to tobacco, which do not produce elicitins,possess several elicitin-encoding genes.
8274771| Elicitin was confirmed to be encoded as a precursor protein containing a 20-amino acid signal peptide that is processedbefore secretion.
8274771| Some isolates of P. parasitica that did not produce elicitins still contained elicitin-coding sequences but did notaccumulate elicitin mRNA.
8994969| Two other distinct binding sites seem to be correlated to the level of necrotic activity of elicitins.
8994969| CONCLUSIONS: The determination of the crystal structure of a member of the elicitin family may make it possible to separatethe activity that causes leaf necrosis from that inducing systemic acquired resistance to pathogens, making it feasible toengineer a non-toxic elicitin that only elicits plant defences.
2583277| The phytopathogenic fungi Phytophthora cinnamomi cause systemic leaf necrosis on its non-host tobacco; in culture, itsecretes a protein, called cinnamomin, which elicits leaf necrosis and protects tobacco against the pathogen Phytophthoranicotianoe, in a way similar to cryptogein and different from capsicein, elicitins of known amino acid sequences.
7763784| We found that Phytophthora megasperma megasperma produces two elicitin isoforms, each belonging to a differentphysico-chemical class, although the beta elicitin was less toxic than other beta ones.
2776750| Structure and activity of proteins from pathogenic fungi Phytophthora eliciting necrosis and acquired resistance in tobacco.(title)
2776750| The phytopathogenic fungi Phytophthora cryptogea and Phytophthora capsici cause systemic leaf necrosis on their non-hosttobacco; in culture they release proteins, called cryptogein and capsicein, which elicit similar necrosis.
9385630| One edge of the beta-sheet and the adjacent face of the omega-loop form a hydrophobic cavity.
9385630| This cavity made of highly conserved residues represents a plausible binding site.
1368359| Most of the phytopathogenic fungi Phytophthora secrete holoproteins (elicitins) responsible for the incompatible reactionand systemic leaf necroses on tobacco.
1368359| We found that Phytophthora drechsleri produces several elicitin isoforms of various toxicity on tobacco.
8274771| A gene encoding a host-specific elicitor protein of Phytophthora parasitica. (title)
8274771| Extracellular elicitor proteins (elicitins) from Phytophthora species induce local and distal defense responsesspecifically in plants of the Solanaceae and Cruciferae.
8031752| The data show five alpha-helical regions comprising residues 5-18, 26-33, 44-58, 59-67, and 86-98 and a two-strandedantiparallel beta-sheet involving residues 70-75 and 80-85, packed around a hydrophobic core grouping all of the aromaticresidues.
8994969| This motif is assumed to be a major recognition site for a putative receptor and/or ligand.
8994969| Such studies should aid the development of non-toxic agricultural pest control.

FLGK_ECOLI.fun:

2544561| A notable example occurs within the flgB operon, where between the end of flgG (encoding the distal rod protein of thebasal body) and the start of flgH (encoding the L-ring protein) there was an unusually long noncoding region containing apotential stem-loop sequence, which could attenuate termination of transcription or stabilize part of the transcriptagainst degradation.
8158647| Two mutants with defects in hook-associated protein 3 (HAP3) were isolated that exhibit impaired swimming only when theyinteract with a solid surface or a semisolid matrix. 
8158647| Our results show that the ability of a filament composed of normal flagellin subunits to resist mechanical stressdepends on the structure of the protein (HAP3) to which it is attached at its base. 
8905232| In this region, we assigned a cluster of cit genes encoding multienzyme citrate lyase, two clusters of fimbrial genes anda set of lysogenic phage genes encoding integrase, excisionase and repressor in the e14 genetic element.
9278503| The genome as a whole is strikingly organized with respect to the local direction of replication; guanines, oligonucleotidespossibly related to replication and recombination, and most genes are so oriented. 
12644504| A half-genome interreplichore inversion in Ty2 relative to CT18 was confirmed. 
11677608| Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. typhi) is the aetiological agent of typhoid fever, a serious invasive bacterialdisease of humans with an annual global burden of approximately 16 million cases, leading to 600,000 fatalities. 
11677608| Notably, the genome sequence identifies over two hundred pseudogenes, several corresponding to genes that are known tocontribute to virulence in Salmonella typhimurium. 
11677608| This genetic degradation may contribute to the human-restricted host range for S. typhi. 
2544561| The flgJ gene, immediately adjacent to flgI and the last gene of the flgB operon, encodes a flagellar protein of unknownfunction whose deduced sequence was hydrophilic and may correspond to a cytoplasmic protein.
2544561| Another example is the interface between the flgB and flgK operons, where transcription termination of the former mayoccur within the coding region of the latter.
11677609| The distribution of close homologues of S. typhimurium LT2 genes in eight related enterobacteria was determined usingpreviously completed genomes of three related bacteria, sample sequencing of both S. enterica serovar Paratyphi A (S. paratyphiA) and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and hybridization of three unsequenced genomes to a microarray of S. typhimurium LT2 genes.
11677609| Lateral transfer of genes is frequent, with 11% of the S. typhimurium LT2 genes missing from S. enterica serovar Typhi(S. typhi), and 29% missing from Escherichia coli K12.
8158647| A mutant hook-associated protein (HAP3) facilitates torsionally induced transformations of the flagellar filament ofEscherichia coli. (title)
9278503| The genome also contains insertion sequence (IS) elements, phage remnants, and many other patches of unusual compositionindicating genome plasticity through horizontal transfer.
2193164| Within the bacterial flagellum the basal-body rod, the hook, the hook-associated proteins (HAPs), and the helical filamentconstitute an axial substructure whose elements share structural features and a common export pathway.
2544561| The flgH, flgI, and fliF genes of Salmonella typhimurium encode the major proteins for the L, P, and M rings of theflagellar basal body.
2544561| FlgH and FlgI, which are exported across the cell membrane to their destinations in the outer membrane and periplasmic space,respectively, both had typical N-terminal cleaved signal-peptide sequences.
2544561| Several aspects of the DNA sequence of these genes and their surrounds suggest complex regulation of the flagellar genesystem.
11677609| Salmonella enterica subspecies I, serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium), is a leading cause of human gastroenteritis, andis used as a mouse model of human typhoid fever.
11677609| The incidence of non-typhoid salmonellosis is increasing worldwide, causing millions of infections and many deaths in thehuman population each year.
11677609| Most of these homologues were previously unknown, and 50 may be exported to the periplasm or outer membrane, rendering themaccessible as therapeutic or vaccine targets.
8158647| Mutants appeared to carry a full complement of flagella of normal configuration and length.
8158647| Both transformations propagated from base to tip, as expected if torsionally induced.
9278503| Of 4288 protein-coding genes annotated, 38 percent have no attributed function.
9278503| The largest family of paralogous proteins contains 80 ABC transporters.
12644504| While CT18 carries two plasmids, one conferring multiple drug resistance, Ty2 has no plasmids and is sensitive toantibiotics.
8905232| A 718-kb DNA sequence of the Escherichia coli K-12 genome corresponding to the 12.7-28.0 min region on the linkage map.(title)
2193164| Flagellar hook and hook-associated proteins of Salmonella typhimurium and their relationship to other axial components of theflagellum. (title)
2193164| HAP3 and HAP2, which form the proximal and distal boundaries of the filament, showed few similarities to flagellin, eachother, or the other axial proteins.
2193164| We suggest that this is likely to be true of the other axial structures as well, and specifically that interaction betweenN-terminal and C-terminal alpha-helices may be important in the formation of the axial structures of the flagellum.
2193164| Thus the basis for recognition of a protein for export by the flagellum-specific pathway remains to be identified.
2181149| Hook-associated protein 1 (FlgK) is present at approximately 12 subunits.
2181149| The stoichiometries of the proximal rod proteins and hook-associated protein 1 are, within experimental error, consistentwith values of 5 or 6, and 11, respectively.
2181149| Such values would correspond to either one or two turns of a helical structure with a basic helix of approximately 5.5subunits per turn, which is the geometry of both the hook and the filament and, one supposes, the rod and hook-associatedproteins.
2181149| The ring stoichiometries are discussed in light of other information concerning flagellar structure and function.

GAA6_CHICK.fun:
MID 8632757:  Most importantly, the classic benzodiazepine antagonist ethyl-8-fluoro-5,6-dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazo(1,5-a)(1,4)benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate (Ro 15-1788) and the partial inverse agonistethyl-8-azido-5,6-dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazo(1,5-a) (1,4)benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate (Ro 15-4513) both acted asagonists at the alpha 6 containing receptor. 
8719414| The ligand binding pharmacology of the benzodiazepine site formed by stably-expressed human alpha 5 beta 3 gamma 2Sand alpha 5 beta 3 gamma 3 GABAA receptor subtypes have been compared for a number of ligands, Benzodiazepine site ligandswere found to be either non-selective or gamma 2-selective, with the exception of CL218,872, which was found to be 10-foldselective for the alpha 5 beta 3 gamma 3-containing subtype Two benzodiazepine site ligands.
1311098| In coexpression experiments with the alpha 1 and beta 2 subunits, gamma 3 imparts benzodiazepine binding togamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors and forms gamma-aminobutyric acid-gated benzodiazepine-modulated chloride channelsthat exhibit a larger conductance than alpha 1 beta 2 receptor channels. 
8719416| This recombinant receptor complex showed a high affinity for the previously described benzodiazepine partial agonistbretazenill, the pyrazoloquinoline compounds CGS-9895 and CGS-9896, as well as the inverse agonists DMCM (methyl 6,7-dimethoxy4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate) and Ro15-4513 as determined by (3H)Ro15-4513 binding. 
11992121| Compared with wildtype receptors, GABA(A) receptors that contain the mutant subunit show a lesser amplitude ofGABA-activated currents in vitro, indicating that seizures may result from loss of function of this inhibitoryligand-gated channel.
1655526| Recombinant receptors composed of alpha 4, beta 2 and gamma 2 subunit bind with high affinity the GABA agonist(3H)muscimol and the benzodiazepine 'alcohol antagonist' (3H)Ro 15-4513, but fail to bind benzodiazepine agonists.
1311098| Furthermore, the presence of gamma 3 in place of gamma 2 in alpha 1 beta 2 gamma x receptors generates a marked decreasein the affinity of agonists while leaving the affinity of antagonists or negative modulators largely unaffected.
2842688| When gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in vertebrate brain, binds to its receptorit activates a chloride channel. 
8719414| Ro15-4513 and FG8205 were more efficacious at alpha 5 beta 3 gamma 3 receptors than alpha 5 beta 3 gamma 2 receptorsexpressed in Xenopus oocytes, CL218,872, which is a partial agonist at alpha 1 containing receptors, had no intrinsicactivity at either alpha 5 beta 3 gamma 2 or alpha 5 beta 3 gamma 3, alpha 1 beta 2 gamma 2S and alpha 1 beta 2 gamma 3 humanGABAA receptors were also expressed in Xenopus oocytes and their benzodiazepine pharmacology investigated. 
11003197| In addition, Gabrg2 is associated with ethanol-conditioned taste aversion, ethanol-induced motor incoordination,and ethanol-induced hypothermia. 
9892355| Other members of the superfamily of ligand-gated ion-channel receptors associate in postsynaptic-membrane clusters bybinding to the proteins rapsyn or gephyrin. 
11326275| We found that the mutation in GABRG2 (encoding the gamma2-subunit) abolished in vitro sensitivity to diazepam, raisingthe possibility that endozepines do in fact exist and have a physiological role in preventing seizures. 
8719416| In addition, the benzodiazepine receptor ligands DMCM, beta-CCE (beta-carboline-3-carboxylate ethyl ester), Beta-CCM(beta-carboline-3-carboxylate methyl ester), FG-7142, CGS-9895 and CGS-9896 showed 7 to 10 times higher affinity for alpha4 beta 2 gamma 2L. 
8391122| Human alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 2, alpha 2 beta 1 gamma 2, alpha 3 beta 1 gamma 2, and alpha 5 beta 1 gamma 2 subunit combinationswere expressed in transiently transfected cells and their pharmacologies were characterized using a series ofbenzodiazepine (BZ) binding site ligands. 
3037384| Co-expression of the in vitro-generated alpha-subunit and beta-subunit RNAs in Xenopus oocytes produces a functionalreceptor and ion channel with the pharmacological properties characteristic of the GABAA receptor.
2170110| When co-expressed with alpha and beta subunits in Xenopus oocytes and mammalian cells, the gamma variants mediate thepotentiation of GABA evoked currents by benzodiazepines and help generate high-affinity binding sites for these drugs.
1846404| The two forms of the gamma 2-subunit are generated by alternative splicing, as demonstrated by cloning and partialsequencing of the corresponding gene. 
8632757| Recombinant human alpha 6 beta gamma 2S GABAA receptors have been expressed in both stably transfected cells andXenopus oocytes, and the pharmacology of the benzodiazepine binding site has been determined. 
9039914| At concentrations relevant to clinical anaesthesia, these agents cause a dramatic stimulation of the chloride currents thatare evoked by the binding of the natural ligand, GABA. 
9084408| An mRNA encoding a putative GABA-gated chloride channel is expressed in the human cardiac conduction system. (title) 
11003197| Allelic variation in the GABA A receptor gamma2 subunit is associated with genetic susceptibility to ethanol-inducedmotor incoordination and hypothermia, conditioned taste aversion, and withdrawal in BXD/Ty recombinant inbred mice. (title) 
11326274| Disruption of GABAergic neurotransmission mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been implicated inepilepsy for many decades. 
11326274| 8), an autosomal dominant disorder associating febrile seizures and generalized epilepsy previously linked tomutations in sodium channel genes. 
2165521| Ka = 75 microM) which were allosterically modulated by benzodiazepine receptor ligands (enhancement and inhibition bydiazepam and methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate, respectively). 
9892355| Each subunit also has a large intracellular loop that may be a target for protein kinases and be required forsubcellular targeting and membrane clustering of the receptor, perhaps by anchoring the receptor to the cytoskeleton. 
8391122| The partial inverse agonist Ro15-4513 showed an approximately 10-15-fold higher affinity for alpha 5-containing than foralpha 1-, alpha 2-, or alpha 3-containing receptors and is thus the first compound shown to have a significantly higheraffinity for another receptor subtype than for alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 2. 
2170110| However, these sites show disparate pharmacological properties which, for receptors assembled from alpha 1, beta 1 and gamma1 subunits, are characterized by the conspicuous loss in affinity for neutral antagonists (e.g. flumazenil) and negativemodulators (e.g. 
2465923| The cloned human GABAA receptor subunits induce the formation of GABA-gated chloride channels when expressed inmammalian cells. 
2556293| Co-expression of alpha 4 and beta 1 in Xenopus oocytes resulted in the formation of GABA-gated chloride channels withexpected pharmacology, although no benzodiazepine potentiation was observed.
9084408| Our results suggest that novel GABA receptors expressed outside of the CNS may regulate cardiac function.
2538761| Importantly, coexpression of the gamma 2 subunit with alpha 1 and beta 1 subunits produces GABAA receptors displayinghigh-affinity binding for central benzodiazepine receptor ligands.
2157817| As observed for alpha 1-, alpha 2-, and alpha 3-subunits, coexpression of this new alpha-subunit (alpha 5) with a beta- andgamma 2-subunit in cultured cells produces receptors displaying high-affinity binding sites for both muscimol, a GABAagonist, and benzodiazepines.
2165521| By their allosteric, drug-induced modulation, they serve as control elements for the regulation of anxiety, vigilance,and epileptiform activity.
1702226| Another mechanism for creating diversity in gamma-aminobutyrate type A receptors: RNA splicing directs expression of twoforms of gamma 2 phosphorylation site. (title)
9892355| Type-A receptors for the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) are ligand-gated chloride channels thatmediate inhibitory neurotransmission.
9892355| Each subunit of the pentameric receptor protein has ligand-binding sites in the amino-terminal extracellular domain andfour membrane-spanning regions, one of which forms a wall of the ion channel.
2561970| These subunits, gamma 2 and delta, share approximately 35% sequence identity with alpha and beta subunits and formfunctional GABA-gated chloride channels when expressed alone in vitro.
2561977| We obtained GABA-dependent inward currents that were reversibly blocked by picrotoxin. 
1660002| The GABA response was potentiated in the presence of flunitrazepam and reduced by beta CCM. 
1660002| An analogous bi-directional modulation of the GABA response was observed with diazepam and DMCM as tested with the subunitcombinations alpha 1 beta 2 gamma 3 and alpha 3 beta 2 gamma 3 expressed in Xenopus oocytes. 
8780005| Correspondingly, flunitrazepam-non-displaceable binding of (3H)Ro 15-4513 (a benzodiazepine partial inverse agonist),which is a major characteristic of gamma-aminobutyric acid type-A receptors that contain the alpha 6 polypeptide, is also mainlyfound for cerebellar granule cells of fish and chick. 
8632757| A number of compounds that bind to the benzodiazepine site potentiated the GABA response of alpha 6 beta 2 gamma 2receptors. 
1655526| The alpha 4 subunit is expressed mainly in the thalamus, as assessed by in situ hybridization histochemistry, and mayparticipate in a major population of thalamic GABAA receptors. 
2538761| Neurotransmission effected by GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) is predominantly mediated by a gated chloride channelintrinsic to the GABAA receptor. 
2538761| This heterooligomeric receptor exists in most inhibitory synapses in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) and can beregulated by clinically important compounds such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates. 
11003197| The alcohol-related phenotypes associated with Gabrg2 generally may be characterized as debilitating ormotivationally negative. 
1702226| Polymerase chain reaction from RNA demonstrated that the two forms of gamma 2 subunit are expressed in bovine, human,and rat brain. 
1702226| Expression of the large cytoplasmic loop domains of gamma 2S and gamma 2L in Escherichia coli, followed by phosphorylationof the recombinant proteins by protein kinase C, demonstrated that gamma 2L, but not gamma 2S, could be phosphorylated. 
9892355| Here we identify a new cellular protein, GABA(A)-receptor-associated protein (GABARAP), which can interact with thegamma2 subunit of GABA(A) receptors. 
1846404| gamma-Aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptors are multisubunit ligand-gated ion channels which mediate neuronal inhibitionby GABA and are composed of at least four subunit types (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta).
1846404| These results suggest a novel mechanism for the regulation of the GABAA receptor by protein phosphorylation.
3037384| Sequence and functional expression of the GABA A receptor shows a ligand-gated receptor super-family. (title)
3037384| Amino-acid sequences derived from complementary DNAs encoding the alpha- and beta-subunits of the GABA/benzodiazepinereceptor from bovine brain show homology with other ligand-gated receptor subunits, suggesting that there is a super-family ofion-channel-containing receptors.
1660002| When co-expressed with the alpha 5- and beta 2-subunits in transfected cells a high potency for GABA (Ka = 4.9 +/- 1.2microM) and a strong cooperativity in gating the channel (H = 1.9 +/- 0.2) was observed.
2842688| We have previously isolated complementary DNAs encoding an alpha- and a beta-subunit and shown that both are needed forexpression of a functional GABAA receptor.
2842688| These alpha-subunits are differentially expressed within the CNS and produce, when expressed with the beta-subunit inXenopus oocytes, receptor subtypes which can be distinguished by their apparent sensitivity to GABA.
2166916| Benzodiazepines are widely prescribed anxiolytics and anticonvulsants which bind with high affinity to sites on the GABAAreceptor/Cl- channel complex and potentiate the effect of the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid).
2166916| Expression of recombinant subunits produces functional receptors; when certain alpha-variants are coexpressed with beta-and gamma-subunits the resulting receptors have pharmacological properties characteristic of GABAA-benzodiazepine type I ortype II receptors.
2166916| We show that recombinant receptors composed of alpha 6, beta 2 and gamma 2 subunits bind with high affinity to the GABAagonist (3H)muscimol and the benzodiazepine (3H)Ro15-4513 but not the other benzodiazepines or beta-carboniles.
2166916| We conclude that this alpha-subunit is part of a cerebellar receptor subtype, selective for Ro15-4513, an antagonist ofalcohol-induced motor incoordination and ataxia.
2167378| GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain, mediates neuronalinhibition by opening a chloride channel integral to the GABAA receptor.
11326275| This suggests the mutation has age-dependent effects on different neuronal networks that influence the expression ofthese clinically distinct, but genetically related, epilepsy phenotypes.
8719416| Benzodiazepines modulate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-evoked chloride currents through a specific binding site at theGABAA receptor-chloride channel complex.
12466851| These are clustered into 33,409 'transcriptional units', contributing 90.1% of a newly established mousetranscriptome database.
12466851| Whole-transcriptome analyses resulted in the identification of 2,431 sense-antisense pairs.
2556293| Northern analysis indicates that a 4 kb alpha 4 mRNA is expressed in the calf cerebellum, cortex and hippocampus but isbarely detectable in the rat brain. 
8780005| In situ hybridization has demonstrated that, as in mammals, the avian and teleost fish alpha 6 subunit genes arepredominantly expressed in cerebellar granule cells. 
8632757| The recombinant receptor has a diazepam-insensitive pharmacology, with negligible affinity for a number of classicbenzodiazepines. 
2166916| The alpha-variants are differentially expressed in the central nervous system and can be photoaffinity-labelled withbenzodiazepines. 
1849552| The distribution of alpha 2 mRNAs in rat brain suggests that the alpha 2 subunit may indeed be involved in the BZ type IIreceptors. 
9205108| The gamma-aminobutyric acid-type A receptor alpha5 subunit gene (GABRA5) is widely expressed in brain and localized tothe imprinted human chromosome 15q11-q13. 
9205108| A combination of cDNA library screening and 5' RACE analysis led to identification of three distinct mRNA isoforms ofGABRA5 in human adult and fetal brain tissues, each of which differs only in the noncoding 5' UTR sequence. 
9084408| This gene is mainly expressed in placenta and in heart; however, placenta appears to express only an unspliced mRNA. 
11326274| Major advances in the identification of genes implicated in idiopathic epilepsy have been made. 
11326274| We now report a K289M mutation in the GABA(A) receptor gamma2-subunit gene (GABRG2) that segregates in a family with aphenotype closely related to GEFS+ (ref. 
11326274| We thus provide the first genetic evidence that a GABA(A) receptor is directly involved in human idiopathic epilepsy. 
9892355| GABARAP binds to GABA(A) receptors both in vitro and in vivo, and co-localizes with the punctate staining of GABA(A)receptors on cultured cortical neurons. 
8397108| In situ hybridization reveals that the gamma 4-subunit mRNA is abundant in several brain regions, including the ectostriatum,nucleus rotundus and hyperstriatum ventrale, which are involved in visual processing and learning. 
1710013| The distribution of alpha 1 subunit transcripts is shown to correlate mainly, but not completely, with thepreviously-reported pattern of benzodiazepine type I (BZI) binding sites in the avian brain.
1846404| Generation of two forms of the gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptor gamma 2-subunit in mice by alternative splicing. (title)
1846404| In cloning murine gamma 2-subunits, we isolated cDNAs encoding forms of the subunit that differ by the insertion of eightamino acids.
1846404| The eight-amino-acid insertion encodes a potential consensus serine phosphorylation site for protein kinase C.
9339354| Alternative splicing of GABRE transcripts isolated from different tissues was observed at multiple positions of the gene,yielding an unusually complex variety of cDNA variants.
9339354| The structure of the 5' region of most cDNAs is compatible with expression of protein sequence epsilon only in adult brain,whereas in other tissues, the majority of transcripts code for truncated protein sequences.
2561977| We suggest that these polypeptides together produce GABA-gated ion channels that can also open spontaneously.
2847710| Developmental studies show that the levels of the rat alpha mRNA increase between one and three weeks of age in a mannersimilar to the development of the benzodiazepine binding sites.
1660002| Since the benzodiazepine receptor ligands were virtually inactive in the absence of the gamma 3-subunit, as tested with thealpha 3 beta 2- and alpha 5 beta 2-subunit combinations, the gamma 3-subunit is a prerequisite for the benzodiazepine receptorsensitivity of the expressed GABAA-receptors.
2842688| We have now isolated cDNAs encoding two additional GABAA receptor alpha-subunits, confirming the heterogeneous nature ofthe receptor/chloride channel complex and demonstrating a molecular basis for it.
1356407| Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain, opens chloride channels through actionson GABAA receptors.
1849552| Other workers have previously shown that the alpha polypeptides of the GABAA receptor largely determine the BZ bindingproperties of reconstituted receptors.
9527017| We report the results of molecular cloning of the gamma1-subunit from seizure prone DBA/2J and resistant C57BL/6J inbredmice, and analyses of nucleotide sequences and expression of the gamma1-subunit messenger RNA (mRNA) in DBA/2 and C57BL/6inbred mice.
9084408| GABA-gated chloride channels are the main inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in the CNS.
9084408| The predicted protein has many of the features shared by other members of the ligand-gated ion channel family.
9084408| This channel subunit has significant amino acid identity (25-40%) with members of GABAA and GABAC receptor subunits andthus may represent a new subfamily of the GABA receptor channel.
9084408| Although we cannot rule out that this clone encodes a receptor for an unidentified ligand, it was termed GABA chi.
1321750| Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding the human GABA-A receptor alpha 5 subunit. (title)
2538761| Co-expression of these subunits in heterologous systems generates receptors which display much of the pharmacology oftheir neural counterparts, including potentiation by barbiturates.
11003197| A trend is observed for chronic ethanol withdrawal, ethanol-induced loss of righting reflex, and tolerance toethanol-induced hypothermia and ataxia.
11326274| Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+), benign familial neonatal convulsions and nocturnal frontal lobeepilepsy, three autosomal dominant idiopathic epilepsies, result from mutations affecting voltage-gated sodium and potassiumchannels, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, respectively.
11326274| Analysis of the mutated and wild-type alleles in Xenopus laevis oocytes confirmed the predicted effect of the mutation, adecrease in the amplitude of GABA-activated currents.
2165521| GABAA receptors, the major synaptic targets for the neurotransmitter GABA, constitute gated chloride channels.
2165521| We report here on the cloning of the gamma 2-subunit cDNA of rat brain and its functional analysis by coexpression with thealpha 1- and beta 1-subunits in Xenopus oocytes, and on the sites of gene expression of the 3 subunits in the rat brain.
2165521| A minor population of channels is expressed which is open in the absence of GABA or pentobarbital.
1702226| Diversity of gamma-aminobutyrate type A (GABAA) receptors has recently been proposed to be achieved by assembly of receptorsubtypes from a multitude of subunits (alpha 1-6, beta 1-3, gamma 1-2, and delta) encoded by different genes.
1702226| Thus the two forms of gamma 2 subunit differ by the presence or absence of a protein kinase C phosphorylation site.
1702226| This mechanism for creating GABAA receptor diversity may allow differential regulation of the function of receptorsubtypes.
9892355| GABA(A)-receptor-associated protein links GABA(A) receptors and the cytoskeleton. (title)
2153588| When coexpressed with the beta 1 subunit in Xenopus oocytes the receptors containing the alpha 5 subunit revealed a highersensitivity to GABA than receptors expressed from alpha 1 + beta 1 subunits or alpha 3 + beta 1 subunits (Ka = 1 microM, 13microM and 14 microM, respectively).
8397108| In the developing chicken brain, the gamma 4-subunit mRNA is first detected at embryonic day 13; the transcript level thenincreases progressively during embryogenesis.
12466851| Analysis of the mouse transcriptome based on functional annotation of 60,770 full-length cDNAs. (title)
12466851| Of these transcriptional units, 4,258 are new protein-coding and 11,665 are new non-coding messages, indicating thatnon-coding RNA is a major component of the transcriptome.
12466851| In protein-coding transcripts, 79% of splice variations altered the protein product.
12466851| The present work, completely supported by physical clones, provides the most comprehensive survey of a mammaliantranscriptome so far, and is a valuable resource for functional genomics.
11992121| Mutation of GABRA1 in an autosomal dominant form of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. (title)
11992121| We report that an Ala322Asp mutation in GABRA1, encoding the alpha1 subunit of the gamma-aminobutyric acid receptorsubtype A (GABA(A)), is found in affected individuals of a large French Canadian family with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.
11992121| Our results confirm that mutation of GABRA1 predisposes towards a common idiopathic generalized epilepsy syndrome inhumans.
1710013| We report the sequence of a complementary DNA (cDNA) that encodes the chicken GABAA receptor alpha 1 subunit, which isextremely homologous to mammalian alpha 1 subunits.
1710013| These results suggest that the alpha 1 subunit may not necessarily be restricted to receptors having BZI pharmacology.
10602120| Rett syndrome (RTT) is an X-linked dominant neurodevelopmental disorder that affects females.
10602120| Six candidate genes were selected for mutation analysis based on their established expression patterns and knownfunctions in the CNS.
10602120| Major rearrangements involving these genes were excluded by Southern analysis.
10602120| These SNPs will be useful in future linkage analysis and whole-genome association studies for other diseases.
10602120| The genomic characterization of GLUR3 and GABRA3 will allow mutational analysis of these genes as candidates for otherX-linked neurological disorders mapping to Xq25-Xq26 and Xq28.
1846404| The gamma 2-subunit appears to be essential for benzodiazepine modulation of GABAA receptor function.
2556293| Sequence and expression of a novel GABAA receptor alpha subunit. (title)
2556293| Cloned cDNA encoding the bovine alpha 4 subunit of the GABAA receptor has been isolated.
2561977| Two cDNAs (alpha 1 and alpha 4) from rat brain cDNA libraries encode isoforms of the alpha subunit of theGABA/benzodiazepine receptor, which differ at 30% of their amino acid residues.
2561977| Picrotoxin alone, applied to oocytes producing the alpha and beta polypeptides, elicited an outward current.
1647983| The gamma 3 cDNA encodes a mature protein of 450 amino acids that contains structural features typically conserved amongsubunits of the GABAA receptor family.
1647983| Localization of the gamma 3 mRNA indicates that it is widely distributed throughout the mouse brain in a pattern similar tothat observed for mRNAs encoding the gamma 2 subunits.
1660002| The gamma 3-subunit of the GABAA-receptor confers sensitivity to benzodiazepine receptor ligands. (title)
8780005| The gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor cDNAs encoding the alpha 6 subunit homologues from chicken and goldfish havebeen cloned and sequenced.
8780005| The conservation of this expression pattern suggests that gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors possessing the alpha 6subunit are of fundamental importance for cerebellar function and that the corresponding gene regulatory elements, e.g.,granule cell-specific enhancers, have also been conserved.
2842688| Structural and functional basis for GABAA receptor heterogeneity. (title)
8632757| Cloning of cDNAs encoding the human gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor alpha 6 subunit and characterization of thepharmacology of alpha 6-containing receptors. (title)
8632757| A cDNA encoding the human gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptor alpha 6 subunit has been cloned and sequenced.
2166916| Cerebellar GABAA receptor selective for a behavioural alcohol antagonist. (title)
8719414| A cDNA encoding the gamma 3 subunit of the human GABAA receptor has been obtained by molecular cloning.
8719414| Both the EC50 and efficacy of benzodiazepine site ligands were influenced by the type of gamma subunit coexpressed withalpha 1 and beta 2.
1966765| The GABAA receptor family: molecular and functional diversity. (title)
9039914| The epsilon-subunit also abolishes the normal outward rectification of recombinant receptors in which it assembles.
9039914| The expression pattern of this subunit in the brain suggests a new target for manipulation of neuronal pathways within thebasal ganglia.
1849552| Sequence and regional distribution of the mRNA encoding the alpha 2 polypeptide of rat gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptors.(title)
1849552| A cDNA from a rat hippocampal cDNA library encodes an isoform of the alpha polypeptide of the gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)/benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor.
9527017| Northern blot hybridization indicates that the gamma1-subunit mRNA is expressed predominantly in areas other than thecerebral cortex and cerebellum and shows little change with postnatal development.
9527017| No differences have been found for the subunit between DBA/2 and C57BL/6 mice either for nucleotide sequence or for level ofexpression of the subunit's mRNA in whole brain by Northern blots at 3 weeks of age.
9205108| Alignment of the genomic and cDNA sequences of GABRA5 revealed that the mRNA isoforms resulted from three alternative firstexons 1A, 1B, and 1C.
9205108| Northern blot analysis showed that the expression of GABRA5 was not only tissue specific but region specific in brain.
9205108| These findings suggest that the differential exon 1 usage of GABRA5 arises as a consequence of alternative promoteractivation.
8388764| Our results provide a framework map of chromosome 15q11-q13 into which additional markers can be oriented and allow afurther differentiation of the critical genetic regions of the two syndromes.
1655526| A cDNA of rat brain encoding the GABAA receptor alpha 4 subunit has been cloned.
1311098| Cloned cDNAs encoding a member of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor gamma-subunit class were isolated fromrat-brain-mRNA-derived libraries.
1311098| The gamma 3 mRNA is present in cortex, claustrum, caudate putamen, and some thalamic nuclei, particularly the medialgeniculate nucleus, where it is the predominant gamma-subunit transcript.
1311098| The gamma 3 gene is expressed at very low levels in cerebellum and hippocampus.
2538761| Conspicuously, however, they lack binding sites for, and consistent electrophysiological responses to, benzodiazepines.
2538761| We now report the isolation of a cloned cDNA encoding a new GABAA receptor subunit, termed gamma 2, which sharesapproximately 40% sequence identity with alpha- and beta-subunits and whose messenger RNA is prominently localized in neuronalsubpopulations throughout the CNS.
2167378| Novel GABAA receptor alpha subunit is expressed only in cerebellar granule cells. (title)
2167378| Since the isolation of cDNAs encoding GABAA receptor alpha 1 and beta 1 subunits, a further eight subunits have beenidentified.
2167378| I now report the isolation of a mouse cDNA clone encoding a novel GABAA receptor alpha subunit.
2167378| Northern hybridization and in situ hybridization experiments demonstrate that the subunit mRNA is expressed only incerebellar granule cells.
11003197| Candidate genes within this QTL encode the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA A) receptor gamma2, alpha1, alpha6, andbeta2 subunits.
11003197| CONCLUSIONS: Functionally relevant variation in Gabrg2, or a closely linked gene, is correlated genetically with some,but not all, behavioral responses to alcohol.
2157817| A cDNA encoding a protein with 70% amino acid identity to the previously characterized gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA)receptor alpha-subunits was isolated from a rat brain cDNA library by homology screening.
2157817| However, alpha 5-subunit-containing receptors have lower affinities for zolpidem (30-fold) and Cl 218 872 (three-fold) thanmeasured previously using recombinantly expressed type II receptors containing either alpha 2- or alpha 3-subunits.
2165521| Functional characteristics and sites of gene expression of the alpha 1, beta 1, gamma 2-isoform of the rat GABAA receptor.(title)
2165521| The structural requirements of fully functional GABAA receptors in the mammalian brain have remained elusive so far.
2165521| Mapping subunit gene expression by in situ hybridization histochemistry suggests that the alpha 1-, beta 1-, and gamma2-subunits are likely receptor constituents in some neuronal populations, e.g., mitral cells of the olfactory bulb, pyramidalcells of the hippocampus, and granule cells of the dentate gyrus and cerebellum.
1702226| Here we report a further mechanism for creating GABAA receptor diversity: alternative RNA splicing.
1702226| Two forms of bovine gamma 2 subunit cDNA were isolated (gamma 2S and gamma 2L) that differed by the presence or absence ofa 24-base-pair (8-amino acid) insertion in the cytoplasmic domain between the third and fourth putative membrane-spanningregions.
1702226| Sequencing of genomic DNA clones encoding the gamma 2 subunit demonstrated that the 24-base-pair insert is organized as aseparate exon.
1702226| Analysis of the sequence of the 8-amino acid insert revealed that it contains a protein kinase C consensus phosphorylationsite.
9892355| Neurotransmitter receptors need to be positioned in high density in the cell membrane at sites postsynaptic to nerveterminals releasing that neurotransmitter.
9892355| Sequence analysis shows similarity between GABARAP and light chain-3 of microtubule-associated proteins 1A and 1B.
9892355| Moreover, the N terminus of GABARAP is highly positively charged and features a putative tubulin-binding motif.
9892355| The interactions among GABA(A) receptors, GABARAP and tubulin suggest a mechanism for the targeting and clustering ofGABA(A) receptors.
2561970| Two cDNAs encoding novel GABAA receptor subunits were isolated from a rat brain library.
2561970| Cellular localization of the mRNAs encoding the gamma 2 and delta subunits in rat brain revealed that largely distinctneuronal subpopulations express the two subunits.
2561970| The delta subunit distribution resembles that of the high affinity GABAA receptor labeled with (3H)muscimol; the gamma 2subunit distribution resembles that of GABAA/benzodiazepine receptors labeled with (3H)flunitrazepam.
12477932| ESTs were generated from libraries enriched for full-length cDNAs and analyzed to identify candidate full-ORF clones,which then were sequenced to high accuracy.
11326275| Epilepsies affect at least 2% of the population at some time in life, and many forms have genetic determinants.
11326275| We have found a mutation in a gene encoding a GABA(A) receptor subunit in a large family with epilepsy.
11326275| There is a recognized genetic relationship between FS and CAE, yet the two syndromes have different ages of onset, andthe physiology of absences and convulsions is distinct.
8719416| Cloning and characterization of the human GABAA receptor alpha 4 subunit: identification of a unique diazepam-insensitivebinding site. (title)
8719416| The heterogeneity of diazepam-sensitive benzodiazepine binding sites (type I and type II) has been identified bypharmacological approaches both with native receptors and recombinant receptors coexpressing alpha, beta and gamma subunits.
8719416| Coexpression of alpha 6 with beta 2 and gamma 2L subunits creates a pharmacologically similar benzodiazepine receptor to thediazepam-insensitive site observed in cerebellum, however, there is no evidence regarding the possible subunit combinationforming the DI site in cerebral tissues.
8719416| However, it is insensitive to the benzodiazepine type I selective compounds CL218.872(3-methyl-6-(3-(trifluoromethyl)(phenyl)-1,2,4-triazolo(4.3-b)pyridazine ) and zolpidem as well as the benzodiazepine fullagonists diazepam, halazolam and midazolam.
8391122| Cloning of cDNA sequences encoding human alpha 2 and alpha 3 gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptor subunits and characterizationof the benzodiazepine pharmacology of recombinant alpha 1-, alpha 2-, alpha 3-, and alpha 5-containing human gamma-aminobutyricacidA receptors. (title)
8391122| cDNAs encoding human alpha 2 and alpha 3 gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptor subunits have been cloned.
2153588| Functional expression and sites of gene transcription of a novel alpha subunit of the GABAA receptor in rat brain. (title)
2153588| The deduced polypeptide sequences share major characteristics with other chemically gated ion channel proteins.
2153588| The alpha 5 subunit was expressed only in a few brain areas such as cerebral cortex, hippocampal formation and olfactorybulb granular layer as shown by in situ hybridization histochemistry.
8397108| We have isolated a cDNA, from the chicken, that encodes a fourth type of gamma subunit of the vertebrate brain GABAAreceptor.
2170110| Structural and functional characterization of the gamma 1 subunit of GABAA/benzodiazepine receptors. (title)
2170110| The GABAA receptor gamma 1 subunit of human, rat and bovine origin was molecularly cloned and compared with the gamma 2subunit in structure and function.
2170110| Both gamma subunit variants share 74% sequence similarity and are prominently synthesized in often distinct areas of thecentral nervous system as documented by in situ hybridization.
2465923| Sequence and expression of human GABAA receptor alpha 1 and beta 1 subunits. (title)
2465923| The deduced amino acid sequences of cDNA clones encoding human GABAA receptor alpha 1 and beta 1 subunits are presented.
12466851| Only a small proportion of the mouse genome is transcribed into mature messenger RNA transcripts.
12466851| There is an international collaborative effort to identify all full-length mRNA transcripts from the mouse, and to ensurethat each is represented in a physical collection of clones.
12466851| 41% of all transcriptional units showed evidence of alternative splicing.

HH1R_BOVIN.fun:

12595443| We report that the contribution of Bphs/Hrh1 to the overall genetic control of responsiveness to PTX isrestricted to susceptibility to histamine hypersensitivity and enhancement of antigen-specific delayed-type hypersensitivityresponses. 
8917588| To define the contribution of the histamine H1 receptors (H1R) to behavior, mutant mice lacking the H1R weregenerated by homologous recombination. 
1722337| The cloned receptor protein expressed in COS-7 cells bound specifically to (3H)mepyramine, an H1 receptor antagonist,and this binding was displaced by H1 receptor antagonists and histamine with affinities comparable with those in membranes ofbovine adrenal medulla. 
8917588| In brains of homozygous mutant mice, no specific binding of (3H)pyrilamine was seen. (3H)Doxepin has two saturablebinding sites with higher and lower affinities in brains of wild-type mice, but H1R-deficient mice showed only the weaklabeling of (3H)doxepin that corresponds to lower-affinity binding sites. 
8917588| These results indicate that through H1R, histamine is involved in circadian rhythm of locomotor activity andexploratory behavior as a neurotransmitter. 
8294913| Northern blot analysis of a variety of guinea pig peripheral or cerebral tissues identified, in most cases, a singletranscript of 3.3 kb, but also, in some tissues, a second transcript of 3.7 kb, possibly generated by the use ofdifferent promoter or polyadenylation sites or corresponding to a transcript from a distinct gene. 
12595443| These results indicate that the phenotypic variation in responsiveness to PTX reflects the genetic control ofdistinct intermediate phenotypes rather than allelic variation in genes controlling overall susceptibility to intoxication. 
1722337| The H1 receptor cDNA encodes a protein of 491 amino acids (Mr 55,954) with seven putative transmembrane domains,illustrating the similarity to other receptors that couple with guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (Gprotein-coupled receptors). 
8917588| From pharmacological studies using histamine antagonists and agonists, it has been demonstrated that histaminemodulates many physiological functions of the hypothalamus, such as arousal state, locomotor activity, feeding, anddrinking.
12595443| Furthermore, the genetic contribution of Bphs/Hrh1 to vasoactive amine sensitization is specific for histamine,since hypersensitivity to serotonin was unaffected by Bphs/Hrh1. 
12595443| Bphs/Hrh1 also did not significantly influence susceptibility to the lethal effects, the leukocytosis response,disruption of glucose regulation, and histamine-independent increases in vascular permeability associated with in vivointoxication. 
8282735| Although the third intracellular domain, the predicted binding site for the GTP binding protein, showed only 50% identitywith those of the bovine and rat H1 receptors, the expressed guinea-pig H1 receptor was fully able to bind with(3H)mepyramine.
12142541| Bphs controls Bordetella pertussis toxin (PTX)-induced vasoactive amine sensitization elicited by histamine (VAASH) andhas an established role in autoimmunity. 
12142541| Thus, natural alleles of Hrh1 control both the autoimmune T cell and vascular responses regulated by histamine afterPTX sensitization. 
12595443| Analysis of the role of Bphs/Hrh1 in the genetic control of responsiveness to pertussis toxin. (title) 
12595443| In this study Bphs congenic mice and mice with a disrupted Hrh1 gene were used to examine the role of Bphs/Hrh1 in thegenetic control of susceptibility to a number of phenotypes elicited following in vivo intoxication. 
7678492| The mode of this binding was comparable to the binding of membranes derived from rat tissues toward (3H)mepyramine. 
8812432| Interspecific backcross analysis indicated that the mouse histamine H1 receptor gene (Hrh1) is located in the central regionof mouse Chromosome 6 linked to microphthalmia (Mitfmi), ras-related fibrosarcoma oncogene 1 (Raf1), and ret proto-oncogene(Ret) in a region of homology with human chromosome 3p. 
8294913| Stable expression of the H1 receptor, characterized by the appearance of (3H)mepyramine binding sites with apharmacology similar to that of the native H1 receptor, was obtained following transfection of Chinese hamster ovary cells.
8280179| Binding studies with (3H)pyrilamine on membranes from transfected cells revealed saturable specific binding with a KDof 1.2 nM and a Bmax of 3400 fmol/mg protein.
8003029| At the 5' flanking region of the human H1 receptor gene, we located potential TATA box and CACCC sequences, AP1 bindingsite-like sequences, glucocorticoid responsive element-like sequences, and other binding sequences for inducers.
12466851| These are clustered into 33,409 'transcriptional units', contributing 90.1% of a newly established mousetranscriptome database.
12466851| Whole-transcriptome analyses resulted in the identification of 2,431 sense-antisense pairs.
7678492| These cells showed significant binding toward (3H)mepyramine. 
1722337| H1 receptor mRNA was shown to be expressed in brain and in peripheral tissues, including lung, small intestine, andadrenal medulla. 
8003029| Northern blot analysis showed that H1 receptor mRNAs visualized as two bands with 3.0-kilobase and 3.5-kilobase nucleotideswere expressed in peripheral tissues such as placenta, lung, skeletal muscle, and kidney and that only one species with3.5-kilobase nucleotides was present in the brain. 
8294913| In situ hybridization studies showed the highly contrasted cerebral expression of H1-receptor gene transcripts, which wascompared with autoradiographic receptor localization.
8280179| The coding region was subcloned into the expression vector pSVL (Pharmacia), and the resulting construct transfected intoCOS-7 cells.
8280179| In transfected COS-7 cells, histamine induced inositol phosphate formation, that was inhibitable by pyrilamine.
12595443| In vivo intoxication with Bordetella pertussis toxin (PTX) elicits a variety of physiological responses including a markedleukocytosis, disruption of glucose regulation, adjuvant activity, alterations in vascular function, hypersensitivity tovasoactive agents, and death.
7678492| The binding was inhibited by H1 antagonists or histamine.
8812432| The protein deduced from the nucleotide sequence is composed of 488 amino acid residues with characteristic properties of GTPbinding protein-coupled receptors.
8812432| Our results suggest that the mouse histamine H1 receptor gene is a single locus, and no related sequences were detected.
8282735| The structure of the guinea-pig histamine H1 receptor is predicted to contain seven putative transmembrane regions, which aresimilar to those of receptors coupling with GTP binding proteins.
8003029| The receptor protein deduced from the nucleotide sequence of this gene was composed of 487 amino acid residues with acalculated Mr of 55,781 and possessed characteristic properties of GTP binding protein-coupled receptors.
12466851| Analysis of the mouse transcriptome based on functional annotation of 60,770 full-length cDNAs. (title)
12466851| Of these transcriptional units, 4,258 are new protein-coding and 11,665 are new non-coding messages, indicating thatnon-coding RNA is a major component of the transcriptome.
12466851| In protein-coding transcripts, 79% of splice variations altered the protein product.
12466851| The present work, completely supported by physical clones, provides the most comprehensive survey of a mammaliantranscriptome so far, and is a valuable resource for functional genomics.
8917588| Impaired locomotor activity and exploratory behavior in mice lacking histamine H1 receptors. (title)
8917588| Three kinds of receptors (H1, H2, and H3) mediate these actions.
8917588| Mutant mice develop normally, but absence of H1R significantly increased the ratio of ambulation during the light period tothe total ambulation for 24 hr in an accustomed environment.
8917588| In addition, mutant mice significantly reduced exploratory behavior of ambulation and rearings in a new environment.
8294913| An intronless DNA encoding the guinea pig H1 receptor was cloned from a genomic library using probes derived from thebovine H1 receptor.
8294913| It encodes a protein of 488 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 55,619 daltons compared with a size of 56-68kDa for the photoaffinity-labeled receptor as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis.
12142541| We report that congenic mapping links Bphs to the histamine H1 receptor gene (Hrh1/H1R) and that H1R differs at threeamino acid residues in VAASH-susceptible and -resistant mice.
12142541| Hrh1-/- mice are protected from VAASH, which can be restored by genetic complementation with a susceptible Bphs/Hrh1allele, and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and autoimmune orchitis due to immune deviation.
8280179| The deduced protein of 487 amino acids showed characteristic properties of G-protein-coupled receptors.
8280179| Binding affinities of histamine and known histamine antagonists were similar to those for histamine H1 receptors inguinea-pig cerebellum.
12595443| We recently identified Bphs, the locus controlling PTX-induced hypersensitivity to the vasoactive amine histamine, as thehistamine H(1) receptor (Hrh1).
12595443| Nevertheless, significant interstrain differences in susceptibility to the lethal effects of PTX and leukocytosisresponse were observed.
7678492| The receptor protein deduced from this isolated gene was composed of 486 amino acids and showed characteristic properties ofG protein-coupled receptors.
7678492| At the 5'-flanking region of the receptor gene, we have located potential TATA box sequences and consensus sequences for theglucocorticoid response element and AP-2 element.
7678492| After being subcloned into a mammalian expression vector, the isolated gene was transfected to C6 glioma cells.
7678492| The present results demonstrate the isolation of the rat histamine H1 receptor gene.
1722337| Expression cloning of a cDNA encoding the bovine histamine H1 receptor. (title)
1722337| A functional cDNA clone for the histamine H1 receptor was isolated from a cDNA library of bovine adrenal medulla by acombination of molecular cloning in an expression vector and electrophysiological assay in Xenopus oocytes.
1722337| This investigation discloses the molecular nature of the H1 receptor--a receptor that mediates diverse neuronal andperipheral actions of histamine and that may be of therapeutic importance in allergy.
8282735| The gene contains no introns and encodes a protein of 488 amino acid residues.
8282735| Northern blot analysis indicated that the cerebrum, cerebellum, lung, adrenal, intestine, and heart expressed 3.3 kbguinea-pig H1 receptor mRNA.
8282735| In addition, the lung, adrenal, intestine, and heart expressed 3.9 kb mRNA.
12466851| Only a small proportion of the mouse genome is transcribed into mature messenger RNA transcripts.
12466851| There is an international collaborative effort to identify all full-length mRNA transcripts from the mouse, and to ensurethat each is represented in a physical collection of clones.
12466851| 41% of all transcriptional units showed evidence of alternative splicing.

HUGA_VESVU.fun:

7682712| These structural data support the long-held view that hyaluronidases play a role in fertilization. 
8828537| Yellow jacket antigen 5 has been previously cloned and expressed in bacteria; it contains 204 amino acid residues, andit has 69% and 60% sequence identities with the homologous proteins of white-faced hornet (Dolichovespula maculata) and wasp(Polistes annularis), respectively. 
10998264| The procedure, though applicable to N-glycosylated glycoproteins of any origin, is particularly devised for glycoproteinspotentially containing fucose in alpha1,3-linkage to the reducing GlcNAc as may be found in plants and invertebrates, e.g.,insects and parasitic helminths. 
7682712| Interestingly, the hyaluronidase from bee venom glands exhibited significant homology to PH-20, a membrane protein of guineapig sperm involved in sperm-egg adhesion. 
7876212| When expressed in bacteria, a mixture of recombinant Dol m 2 and its fragments was obtained. 
7876212| The fragments were apparently generated by proteolysis of a Met-Met bond at residue 122, as they were not observed for aDol m 2 mutant with a Leu-Met bond. 
7876212| White face hornet (Dolichovespula maculata) venom has three known protein allergens which induce IgE response insusceptible people.
8828537| Three known allergens of yellow jacket (Vespula vulgaris) venom are antigen 5, hyaluronidase, and phospholipase.
8828537| The order of cross-reaction of the three vespid allergens is hyaluronidase > antigen 5 > phospholipase.
7682712| By using degenerate oligonucleotides derived from the amino-terminal sequence of this hyaluronidase reported by others,clones encoding the precursor for this enzyme could be isolated from a cDNA library prepared from venom glands of worker bees.
7682712| The sequence of the precursor also indicated that the conversion of the pro-enzyme to the end product must involve cleavageof a Thr-Pro bond, a most unusual processing reaction.
7682712| The mRNA encoding hyaluronidase could also be detected in testes from drones.
7682712| Expression of the cloned cDNA in Escherichia coli yielded a 41-kDa polypeptide that had hyaluronidase activity.
7876212| They are antigen 5, phospholipase A1, and hyaluronidase, also known as Dol m 5, 1, and 2, respectively.
7876212| Dol m 2 has 56% sequence identity with the honey bee venom allergen hyaluronidase and 27% identity with PH-20, a human spermprotein with hyaluronidase activity.
10998264| Starting with an established procedure for mass spectrometric peptide mapping, the analysis of N-glycans by matrix-assistedlaser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry involved the use of peptide:N-glycosidase A, a triphasic microcolumn for samplecleanup, and a new matrix mixture consisting of 2,5-dihyhydroxybenzoic acid, 1-hydroxyisoquinoline, and arabinosazone.
10998264| As an additional benefit, a peptide mass map is generated which serves to identify the analyzed protein.

KBF2_HUMAN.fun:

8398903| The nucleotide sequence of complementary DNA clones for this transcript, in vitro translation, and immune precipitation ofmetabolically labeled cell lysates establish that it encodes a 70 kilodalton protein that corresponds to the COOH-terminal 607amino acids of p105. p70 suppresses p65 and p75c-rel mediated transactivation of reporter genes under the control ofNF-kappa B elements and in vitro can prevent DNA binding of p50 and p75c-rel homodimers to NF-kappa B sites. 
8398903| The ability of p70 to stably associate with p49 and p65 in vitro, but not inhibit DNA binding by these proteins,suggests that the specific inhibitory properties of this I kappa B may reflect its relative affinity for different reltargets. p70 phosphorylated by protein kinase A fails to inhibit DNA binding by p50 or the c-rel protein, andsequencing of radiolabeled p70 tryptic phosphopeptides establishes that protein kinase A phosphorylates serine residue 576 ofp70. PMID act>7969179:  Transient transfection analysis revealed that p98NF-kappa B1, but not p105NF-kappa B1 or p84NF-kappa B1, acts as atransactivator of NF-kappa B-regulated gene expression and that this is dependent on sequences in the Rel homology domainrequired for DNA binding and on the novel 35 C-terminal aa of this isoform. 
1339305| The 70 kd protein expressed in bacteria prevents sequence-specific DNA binding of p50-p65 NF-kappa B heterodimer,p50 homodimer, and c-rel. p70 also interferes with transactivation by c-rel and prevents its nuclear translocation. 
7969179| Alternate RNA splicing of murine nfkb1 generates a nuclear isoform of the p50 precursor NF-kappa B1 that can functionas a transactivator of NF-kappa B-regulated transcription. (title) 
11094166| We found that RAC3 functions as a coactivator by binding to the active form of NF-kappa B and that overexpressionof RAC3 restores GR-dependent transcription neglecting GR/NF-kappa B transrepression. PMID act>10469655: Furthermore, a p105 mutant, lacking the IKK phosphorylation sites, acts as a super-repressor of IKK-inducedNF-kappaB transcriptional activity. 
9384558| We desired to investigate the contribution of DNA to NFkappaB dimerization and to identify the mechanism forthe selective association of rel/NFkappaB family peptides into transcriptionally active dimers. PMID act>9950430:  The p105 precursor also acts as an NFkappaB-inhibitory protein, retaining associated p50, c-Rel and Rel-Aproteins in the cytoplasm through its carboxy terminus. 
2203531| The major determinant in the transcriptional control of class I genes of the major histocompatibility complex is anenhancer sequence located around -170 from the transcription start site, which binds a factor named KBF1. 
9384558| BACKGROUND: Members of the rel/NFkappaB family of transcription factors play a vital role in the regulation ofrapid cellular responses, such as those required to fight infection or react to cellular stress. 
10469655| TNF-alpha-induced Bcl-3-p50 formation requires proteasome activity, but is independent of p50-p65 released fromIkappaBalpha, indicating a pathway that involves p105 proteolysis. 
10469655| Thus, the known NF-kappaB stimuli not only cause nuclear accumulation of p50-p65 heterodimers but also of Bcl-3-p50 andperhaps further transcription activator complexes which are formed upon IKK-mediated p105 degradation. 
8087845| We demonstrate an essential role for the proteasome complex in two proteolytic processes required for activation ofthe transcription factor NF-kappa B. 
8087845| These inhibitors also block the activation of NF-kappa B and the rapid degradation of I kappa B alpha induced bytumor necrosis factor alpha. PMID act>11297557: The p105 precursor protein of NF-kappaB1 acts as an NF-kappaB inhibitory protein, retaining associated Relsubunits in the cytoplasm of unstimulated cells. 
11297557| By using a specific anti-phosphopeptide antibody, it was confirmed that IKK2 overexpression induces serine 927phosphorylation of co-transfected p105 and that endogenous p105 is also rapidly phosphorylated on this residue afterTNFalpha or IL-1alpha stimulation. 
1876189| A 49K product (p49) can be generated independently from an alternatively spliced transcript; it has specific kappa BDNA-binding activity and can form heterodimers with other rel proteins.PMID act>1876189:  In contrast to the approximately 50K protein derived from p105, p49 acts in synergy with p65 to stimulate the humanimmunodeficiency virus (HIV) enhancer in transiently transfected Jurkat cells. p49/p100 NF-kappa B could therefore beimportant in the regulation of HIV and other kappa B-containing genes.
11239468| We show that this step is negatively regulated by a processing-inhibitory domain (PID) within p100 and positivelyregulated by the NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK). 
1339305| Comparison of the two-dimensional tryptic peptide maps of the 70 kd protein expressed in cells and the in vitrotranslated product encoded by the cDNA display extensive homology. 
9529257| Our studies now demonstrate that p50 is generated by a unique cotranslational processing event involving the 26Sproteasome, whereas cotranslational folding of sequences near the C terminus of p50 abrogates proteasome processing and leadsto p105 production. 
1531086| A novel mitogen-inducible gene product related to p50/p105-NF-kappa B participates in transactivation through a kappaB site. (title) 
1531086| Transient-transfection experiments in embryonal carcinoma cells demonstrate a functional cooperation between p50B and RelBor p65 in transactivation of a reporter plasmid dependent on a kappa B site. 
11094166| The competition between GR and NF-kappa B for binding to RAC3 may represent a general mechanism by which bothtranscription factors mutually antagonize their activity. 
8825636| I kappa B-gamma is thus likely to be generated by transcription starting within intron 11 and not by alternativesplicing of the mouse mRNA encoding p105 and p50. 
7969113| NF-kappa B is an inducible transcription factor complex which regulates the expression of a variety of genes which areinvolved in the immune, inflammatory, and acute-phase responses. 
1876189| It is synthesized as approximately 100K protein (p100) that is expressed in different cell types, contains cell cyclemotifs and, like p105, must be processed to generate a 50K form. 
1992489| Thus, both factors not only activate NF-kappa B protein, as described previously, but also induce expression of thegene encoding the DNA-binding subunit of NF-kappa B.
1876189| The transcription factor NF-kappa B is a protein complex which comprises a DNA-binding subunit and an associatedtransactivation protein (of relative molecular masses 50,000 (50K) and 65K, respectively).
9384558| These structures showed that the residues from the dimerization domains of both p50 and p65 participate in DNA bindingand that the DNA-protein and protein dimerization surfaces form one continuous overlapping interface. 
10469655| The IkappaB kinases IKKalpha and IKKbeta physically interact with p105 and inducibly phosphorylate three C-terminalserines. p105 is degraded upon TNF-alpha stimulation, but only when the IKK phospho-acceptor sites are intact. 
8087845| The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is required for processing the NF-kappa B1 precursor protein and the activation ofNF-kappa B. (title) 
7530332| The 2.3-A crystal structure of the transcription factor NK-kappa B p50 homodimer bound to a palindromic kappa B sitereveals that the Rel homology region folds into two distinct domains, similar to those in the immunoglobulin superfamily. 
8398903| This finding suggests that the inhibitory activity of p70 can be regulated by signaling via the adenylate cyclasepathway. 
11297557| Together these experiments indicate that the IKK complex regulates the signal-induced proteolysis of NF-kappaB1 p105 bydirect phosphorylation of serine 927 in its PEST domain. 
9450761| The NF-kappaB p50/p65 heterodimer is the classical member of the Rel family of transcription factors which regulatediverse cellular functions such as immune response, cell growth, and development.
11239468| While the PID suppresses the constitutive processing of p100, NIK induces p100 processing by stimulatingsite-specific phosphorylation and ubiquitination of this precursor protein.
9950430| Expression of TPL-2 results in phosphorylation and increased degradation of p105 while maintaining p50 production.
1992489| The DNA binding subunit of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B), a B-cell protein that interacts with the immunoglobulinkappa light-chain gene enhancer, has been purified from nuclei of human HL-60 cells stimulated with tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNF alpha), and internal peptide sequences were obtained.
7969179| In contrast to previous findings, which indicated that p105NF-kappa B1 does not bind DNA, all of the NF-kappa B1 precursorswere found to specifically bind with low affinity to a highly restricted set of NF-kappa B sites in vitro, thereby raisingthe possibility that certain of the NF-kappa B1 precursor isoforms may directly modulate gene expression.
8230480| Full-length p100 only weakly binds DNA in vitro; removal of the ankyrin-like repeats generates C-terminally truncatedp100 proteins (like p52) that have an increased ability to bind an oligonucleotide containing a kappa B site.
10469655| We propose a model that p105 is inducibly degraded, and that its degradation liberates sequestered NF-kappaB subunits,including its processing product p50. p50 homodimers are specifically bound by the transcription activator Bcl-3.
2203532| The DNA binding subunit of the transcription factor NF-kappa B, p50, has been cloned. p50 appears to be synthesized asa larger protein that is then processed to its functional size.
9450761| Crystal structure of p50/p65 heterodimer of transcription factor NF-kappaB bound to DNA. (title) 
9450761| Here we report the crystal structure at 2.9 A resolution of the p50/p65 heterodimer bound to the kappaB DNA of theintronic enhancer of the immunoglobulin light-chain gene. 
9529257| In contrast, p105 functions as a Rel-specific inhibitor (IKB) and has been proposed to be the precursor of p50. 
9529257| These results indicate that p105 is not the precursor of p50 and reveal a novel mechanism of gene regulation that ensuresthe balanced production and independent function of the p50 and p105 proteins. 
9950430| Furthermore, kinase-inactive TPL-2 blocks the degradation of p105 induced by tumour-necrosis factor-alpha. 
1533881| Active NF-kappa B-like transcription complexes are multimers consisting of one or two members of a family of proteinsrelated to the c-Rel proto-oncoprotein. 
1533881| The Rel homology domain is particularly highly conserved between chicken and mammalian p50, and an in vitro-synthesized,truncated chicken p105 protein, containing sequences that correspond to the predicted p50 protein, bound to a consensus kappaB site in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. 
7510259| Recent works identified another human gene which encodes a molecule related to the p50 subunit, termed p50B, p49 orlyt-10. 
1992489| Cloning of the DNA-binding subunit of human nuclear factor kappa B: the level of its mRNA is strongly regulated byphorbol ester or tumor necrosis factor alpha. (title) 
2203531| Because KBF1 and the transcription factor NF-kappa B bind to similar sequences, we investigated the relationshipbetween these two molecules. 
9384558| Amino acids at positions corresponding to 254, 267, and 307 of murine p50, function as primary determinants for theobserved differences in dimerization affinity. 
7830764| Structure of the NF-kappa B p50 homodimer bound to DNA. (title) 
7969113| These data demonstrate that a novel mode of kappa B-dependent regulation is mediated by specific kappa B sites in theNFKB2 promoter. 
10469655| We show that TNFalpha, IL-1beta or phorbolester (PMA) trigger rapid formation of Bcl-3-p50 complexes with the samekinetics as activation of p50-p65 complexes. 
7530332| Structure of NF-kappa B p50 homodimer bound to a kappa B site. (title) 
8398903| The activity of a 70 kilodalton I kappa B molecule identical to the carboxyl terminus of the p105 NF-kappa B precursor ismodulated by protein kinase A. (title) 
11297557| Direct phosphorylation of NF-kappaB1 p105 by the IkappaB kinase complex on serine 927 is essential for signal-inducedp105 proteolysis. (title) 
11297557| The p105 PEST domain contains a motif (Asp-Ser(927)-Gly-Val-Glu-Thr), related to the IKK target sequence inIkappaBalpha, which is conserved between human, mouse, rat, and chicken p105. 
11297557| This residue is also required for TNFalpha and IL-1alpha to stimulate p105 degradation. 
9450761| Signal-induced removal of kappaB inhibitors allows translocation of dimers to the cell nucleus and transcriptionalregulation of kappaB DNA-containing genes.
9865694| This conformational change induces allosteric inhibition of NF-kappaB DNA binding.
9529257| The NFkappaB1 gene encodes two functionally distinct proteins termed p50 and p105. p50 corresponds to the N terminus ofp105 and with p65 (RelA) forms the prototypical NF-kappaB transcription factor complex.
9950430| The NF-kappaB1 gene encodes a larger precursor protein, p105, from which p50 is produced constitutively byproteasome-mediated removal of the p105 carboxy terminus.
9950430| Following cell stimulation by agonists, p105 is proteolysed more rapidly and released Rel subunits translocate into thenucleus.
9950430| This releases associated Rel subunits or p50-Rel heterodimers to generate active nuclear NF-kappaB.
1531086| A Rel-related, mitogen-inducible, kappa B-binding protein has been cloned as an immediate-early activation gene ofhuman peripheral blood T cells.
1531086| We refer to the kappa B-binding, truncated protein as p50B by analogy with p50-NF-kappa B and to the full-length protein asp97. p50B is able to form heteromeric kappa B-binding complexes with RelB, as well as with p65 and p50, the two subunits ofNF-kappa B.
1992489| An in vitro synthesized protein containing most of the N-terminal half of the open reading frame bound specifically to anNF-kappa B binding site.
7969179| The C terminus of p105NF-kappa B1, like those of I kappa B proteins, contains ankyrin-related repeats that inhibit DNAbinding and nuclear localization of the precursor and confer I kappa B-like properties upon p105NF-kappa B1.
7969179| Here we report the characterization of two novel NF-kappa B1 precursor isoforms, p84NF-kappa B1 and p98NF-kappa B1, thatarise by alternate splicing within the C-terminal coding region of murine nfkb1. p98NF-kappa B1, which lacks the 111 C-terminalamino acids (aa) of p105NF-kappa B1, has a novel 35-aa C terminus encoded by an alternate reading frame of the gene.p84NF-kappa B1 lacks the C-terminal 190 aa of p105NF-kappa B1, including part of ankyrin repeat 7.
9384558| Crystal structures of the rel/NFkappaB family members p50 and p65 in their DNA-bound homodimeric form have been solved.
11094166| It has been shown that the molecular mechanism by which cytokines and glucocorticoids mutually antagonize theirfunctions involves a mutual glucocorticoid receptor (GR)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) transrepression.
11094166| Here we report a role for the nuclear receptor coactivator RAC3, in modulating NF-kappa B transactivation.
7830764| The structure of a large fragment of the p50 subunit of the human transcription factor NF-kappa B, bound as a homodimerto DNA, reveals that the Rel-homology region has two beta-barrel domains that grip DNA in the major groove.
8825636| The complete exon-intron structure of the 156-kb human gene NFKB1, which encodes the p105 and p50 proteins of transcriptionfactors NF-kappa B and I kappa B-gamma: implications for NF-kappa B-mediated signal transduction. (title)
7969113| The maintenance of NF-kappa B activity in stimulated cells requires ongoing protein synthesis, suggesting several modesof regulation.
7969113| Because of its putative inhibitory or repressive effect, this binding activity has been termed Rep-kappa B.
7969113| This mechanism of repressing basal NF-kappa B2 transcription in an inactivated state enables the cell to tightly controlNF-kappa B2 activity.
8398903| The p105 carboxyl terminus, which contains ankyrin-like repeats, a feature of I kappa B molecules, regulates thecytoplasmic retention of p105 and inhibits DNA binding by the precursor.
11297557| Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) stimulate p105 degradation, releasingassociated Rel subunits to translocate into the nucleus.
9865693| The structure of the IkappaBalpha ankyrin repeat domain, bound to a partially truncated NF-kappaB heterodimer (p50/ p65),has been determined by X-ray crystallography at 2.7 A resolution. 
8036016| The p52 protein bound to a palindromic kappa B DNA motif, however p80HT did not. 
8036016| Rearrangement and overexpression of the NFKB-2 gene may contribute to the genesis of a subset of T-cell malignancies. 
7830764| The folds of these domains are related to immunoglobulin-like modules. 
8825636| We propose that the long size of NFKB1 is important for transient activation of NF-kappa B complexes containing p50. 
8398903| Probes spanning the COOH terminus but not the rel homology domain of p105 hybridize to a distinct 2.6-kilobase mRNAexpressed in a wide range of murine tissues. 
11297557| Analysis of a panel of human p105 mutants in which serine/threonine residues within and adjacent to this motif wereindividually changed to alanine established that only serine 927 is essential for p105 proteolysis triggered by IKK2overexpression. 
9450761| The RHR is responsible for the dimerization, DNA binding and cytosolic localization of these proteins by virtue of complexformation with inhibitor kappaB proteins.
11239468| NF-kappaB-inducing kinase regulates the processing of NF-kappaB2 p100. (title)
11239468| Further, a natural mutation of the gene encoding NIK in alymphoplasia (aly) mice cripples the function of NIK in p100processing, causing a severe defect in p52 production.
9865694| IkappaBalpha regulates the transcription factor NF-kappaB through the formation of stable IkappaBalpha/NF-kappaBcomplexes.
9950430| TPL-2 kinase regulates the proteolysis of the NF-kappaB-inhibitory protein NF-kappaB1 p105. (title)
9950430| The transcription factor NF-kappaB is composed of homodimeric and heterodimeric complexes of Rel/NF-kappaB-familypolypeptides, which include Rel-A, c-Rel, Rel-B, NF-kappaB/p50 and NF-kappaB2/p52 .
9865693| The inhibitory protein, IkappaBalpha, sequesters the transcription factor, NF-kappaB, as an inactive complex in thecytoplasm.
1531086| In vitro-translated proteins, truncated downstream of the Rel domain and excluding the repeats, bind kappa B sites.
7510259| Isolation of a cDNA encoding the chicken p50B/p97 (Lyt-10) transcription factor. (title)
1992489| The level of the 3.8-kilobase mRNA was strongly increased after stimulation with TNF alpha or phorbol ester.
7969179| RNA and protein analyses indicated that the expression of p84NF-kappa B1 and p98NF-kappa B1 is restricted to certaintissues and that the phorbol myristate acetate-mediated induction of p84NF-kappa B1 and p105NF-kappa B1 differs in acell-type-specific manner.
9384558| CONCLUSIONS: These two structures suggest that the rel/NFkappaB family of transcription factors use only a few conservativechanges in their amino acid sequences to form a host of dimers with varying affinities for dimerization.
9384558| The DNA-contacting charged amino acid sidechains from the dimerization domains are held in a similar conformation in both theDNA-bound and free states, therefore, no major structural rearrangement is required to bring these residues into contact withthe DNA.
7830764| The amino-terminal specificity domain contains a recognition loop that interacts with DNA bases; the carboxy-terminaldimerization domain bears the site of I-kappa B interaction.
7969113| Transcriptional regulation of NF-kappa B2: evidence for kappa B-mediated positive and negative autoregulation. (title)
7969113| We identified a nuclear complex which binds specifically to a subset of kappa B-related sites but not to the canonicalkappa B element.
8230480| The Rel/NF-kappa B family of proteins includes several interacting cellular transcription factors and the v-Reloncoprotein of the avian Rev-T retrovirus.
8230480| Furthermore, p100 and v-Rel can form a complex when synthesized in vitro.
9384586| The observed water network might acount for differences in binding specificity between NF-kappaB p52 and NF-kappaB p50homodimers.
8087845| The p105 precursor of the p50 subunit of NF-kappa B is processed in vitro by an ATP-dependent process that requiresproteasomes and ubiquitin conjugation.
8087845| The C-terminal region of p105 is rapidly degraded, leaving the N-terminal p50 domain. p105 processing can be blocked inintact cells with inhibitors of the proteasome or in yeast with proteasome mutants.
8087845| Thus, the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway functions not only in the complete degradation of polypeptides, but also in theregulated processing of precursors into active proteins.
1876189| Cloning of an NF-kappa B subunit which stimulates HIV transcription in synergy with p65. (title)
1876189| We now report the isolation of a complementary DNA that encodes an alternative DNA-binding subunit of NF-kappa B.
2203532| However, p65 appears homologous to c-rel, suggesting that c-rel may form heterodimers with p50 and rel may include ahomodimerization motif.
9450761| NF-kappaB specifically recognizes kappaB DNA elements with a consensus sequence of 5'-GGGRNYYYCC-3' (R is an unspecifiedpurine;
9450761| This structure indicates why the p50/p65 heterodimer interface is stronger than that of either homodimer.
9450761| A comparison of this structure with those of other Rel dimers reveals that both subunits adopt variable conformations in aDNA-sequence-dependent manner.
9450761| Our results explain the different behaviour of the p50/p65 heterodimer with heterologous promoters.
11239468| Processing of the nf(kappa)b2 gene product p100 to generate p52 is an important step in NF-kappaB regulation.
11239468| These data suggest that NIK is a specific kinase regulating p100 processing and explain why the aly and nf(kappa)b2knockout mice exhibit similar immune deficiencies.
9865694| Prior to induction, IkappaBalpha retains NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm until the NF-kappaB activation signal is received.
9865694| After activation, NF-kappaB is removed from gene promoters through association with nuclear IkappaBalpha, restoring thepreinduction state.
9865694| The 2.3 A crystal structure of IkappaBalpha in complex with the NF-kappaB p50/p65 heterodimer reveals mechanisms of theseinhibitory activities.
9950430| Here we show that TPL-2 , which is homologous to MAP-kinase-kinase kinases in its catalytic domain, forms a complex withthe carboxy terminus of p105.
9950430| TPL-2 was originally identified, in a carboxy-terminal-deleted form, as an oncoprotein in rats and is more than 90%identical to the human oncoprotein COT.
9865693| The position of the sixth ankyrin repeat shows that full-length IkappaBalpha will occlude the NF-kappaB DNA-binding cleft.
9865693| The orientation of IkappaBalpha in the complex places its N- and C-terminal regions in appropriate locations for their knownregulatory functions.
1531086| The cDNA has an open reading frame of 900 amino acids capable of encoding a 97-kDa protein.
1531086| Like the 105-kDa precursor, it contains an amino-terminal Rel-related domain of about 300 amino acids and acarboxy-terminal domain containing six full cell cycle or ankyrin repeats.
1531086| The data imply the existence of a complex family of NF-kappa B-like transcription factors.
1533881| We have isolated a chicken cDNA encoding p105, the precursor protein for the p50 subunit of NF-kappa B.
1533881| Here we report that in vitro-produced p105 comigrates with p124 from v-Rel-transformed spleen cells and that p105 and p124appear to be identical by partial proteolytic mapping with V8 protease.
1533881| However, in vitro association with p105 by v-Rel does not necessarily correlate with transformation, since onenontransforming v-Rel mutant can associate with p105 in vitro.
7510259| NF-kappa B is a transcription factor composed of the p50 and p65 subunits.
7510259| Here, we isolated the cDNA clones encoding chicken p50B/p97 (Lyt-10).
1992489| The encoded open reading frame of about 105 kDa contained at its N-terminal half all six tryptic peptide sequences,suggesting that the 51-kDa NF-kappa B protein is processed from a 105-kDa precursor.
7969179| The NF-kappa B1 subunit of the transcription factor NF-kappa B is derived by proteolytic cleavage from the N terminus of a105-kDa precursor protein.
7969179| Both p84NF-kappa B1 and p98NF-kappa B1 are found in the nuclei of transfected cells.
2203531| The DNA binding subunit of NF-kappa B is identical to factor KBF1 and homologous to the rel oncogene product. (title)
2203531| We have isolated a complementary cDNA coding for KBF1 and identified the DNA binding and dimerization domain of theprotein.
2203531| It appeared that KBF1 is, by all criteria used, identical to the 50 kd DNA binding subunit of NF-kappa B.
2203531| In vitro experiments suggest functional homologies between KBF1 and v-rel.
9384558| The role of DNA in the mechanism of NFkappaB dimer formation: crystal structures of the dimerization domains of the p50 andp65 subunits. (title)
9384558| Members of this family of proteins form homo- and heterodimers with differing affinities for dimerization.
9384558| They share a structural motif known as the rel homology region (RHR), the C-terminal one third of which mediates proteindimerization.
9384558| The presence of the target DNA does not change the dimer interface of either protein in any significant manner.
8036016| Rearrangement and altered expression of the NFKB-2 gene in human cutaneous T-lymphoma cells. (title)
8036016| The NF-kappa b/Rel and I kappa B proteins are important regulators of lymphocyte activation and gene expression.
8825636| The NFKB1 gene encodes three proteins of the NF-kappa B/Rel and I kappa B families: p105, p50, and (in mouse) I kappaB-gamma.
8825636| Although NFKB2, which encodes p100 and p52, also has 24 exons and has a comparable exon-intron structure, it is 20 timesshorter (8 kb;
7969113| In this report, we have characterized the transcriptional regulation of one family member, NF-kappa B2.
7969113| The genomic structure and sequence of NF-kappa B2 revealed the presence of two promoters and at least four kappa B regulatoryelements, which mediate responsiveness to phorbol myristate acetate and tumor necrosis factor alpha.
7969113| In contrast to other family members, we find that kappa B elements in the NFKB2 promoter can also mediate transcriptionalrepression in the absence of NF-kappa B.
10469655| NF-kappaB p105 is a target of IkappaB kinases and controls signal induction of Bcl-3-p50 complexes. (title)
10469655| The NF-kappaB precursor p105 has dual functions: cytoplasmic retention of attached NF-kappaB proteins and generation ofp50 by processing.
10469655| It is poorly understood whether these activities of p105 are responsive to signalling processes that are known toactivate NF-kappaB p50-p65.
9384586| Structure of the human NF-kappaB p52 homodimer-DNA complex at 2.1 A resolution. (title)
9384586| The crystal structure of human NF-kappaB p52 in its specific complex with the natural kappaB DNA binding site MHC H-2 hasbeen solved at 2.1 A resolution.
9384586| The insert region presents potential interaction surfaces to other proteins.
9384586| The high resolution of the structure reveals many water molecules which mediate interactions in the protein-DNA interface.
9384586| Additional complexity in Rel protein-DNA interaction comes from an extended interfacial water cavity that connects residuesat the edge of the dimer interface to the central DNA bases.
12477932| ESTs were generated from libraries enriched for full-length cDNAs and analyzed to identify candidate full-ORF clones,which then were sequenced to high accuracy.
7530332| The carboxy-terminal domains form a dimerization interface between beta-sheets using residues that are strongly conservedin the Rel family.
1876189| The 50K DNA-binding subunit was previously thought to be a unique protein, derived from the 105K gene product (p105).
1876189| It is more similar to p105 NF-kappa B than other family members and defines a new subset of rel-related genes.
2203532| Cloning of the p50 DNA binding subunit of NF-kappa B: homology to rel and dorsal. (title)
2203532| Protein sequence from the p65 polypeptide has established that it is not encoded in the same mRNA as p50.
11297557| By using knockout embryonic fibroblasts, it was first established that the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex is essential forthese pro-inflammatory cytokines to trigger efficiently p105 degradation.
11297557| In vitro kinase assays with purified proteins demonstrated that both IKK1 and IKK2 can directly phosphorylate p105 onserine 927.

OTX2_BRARE.fun:

7931541| These results raise the possibility that Otx1 and Otx2 play a role in cerebellar regionalization during earlydevelopment. 
8101484| We studied the expression of two vertebrate homeobox genes, Otx1 and Otx2, related to orthodenticle, a geneexpressed in the developing head of Drosophila. 
8613727| Our results suggest that a restricted population of neuroblasts respond to FGF2 in a temporally regulated fashion byproliferating and increasing Otx2 expression.PMID act>8235591:  Data are presented showing that noggin directly induces neural tissue, that it induces neural tissue in the absence ofdorsal mesoderm, and that it acts at the appropriate stage to be an endogenous neural inducing signal.
7720578| In this paper we study Xotx2, a Xenopus homeobox gene related to orthodenticle, a gene expressed in the developinghead of Drosophila. 
7720578| At stage 10.25 Xotx2 is expressed in dorsal bottle cells and in cells of the dorsal deep zone fated to give rise toprechordal mesendoderm, suggesting a role in the specification of very anterior structures. 
7898305| These results suggest that three zebrafish otx homeoproteins, alone or in combination, may play roles in very earlyembryogenesis, gastrulation, and the development and subdivision of the diencephalon and the midbrain. 
7931541| The spatial and temporal patterns suggest that Otx1 may play a role in the specification or differentiation ofneurons in the deep layers of the cerebral cortex. 
1353865| We previously cloned and characterized Emx1 and Emx2, two mouse genes related to empty spiracles that are expressedin restricted regions of the developing forebrain, including the presumptive cerebral cortex and olfactory bulbs. 
8235591| The secreted factor noggin, which is expressed in the organizer, can mimic the dorsalizing signal of the organizer. 
7893604| To analyze the molecular mechanism of pattern formation in the anteriormost regions of the zebrafish embryo, we isolated twozebrafish sequences, zOtx1 and zOtx2, related to the Drosophila orthodenticle (otd) and two murine Otx genes. zOtx1 and zOtx2encode predicted gene products which are 82% and 94% identical to the corresponding mouse proteins. 
1353865| Insight into the genetic control of the identity of specific regions along the body axis of vertebrates has resultedprimarily from the study of vertebrate homologues of regulatory genes operating in the Drosophila trunk, but little is knownabout the development of most anterior regions of the body either in flies or vertebrates. 
8101484| Otx2 is one of the earliest genes expressed in the epiblast and immediately afterwards is expressed in anteriorneuroectoderm, demarcating rostral brain regions even before headfold formation. 
7720578| In Xenopus, RNase protection experiments reveal that Xotx2 is expressed at low levels throughout early development fromunfertilized egg to late blastula, when its expression level significantly increases.
8101484| Its gene product contains a homeodomain of the bicoid class and is able to recognize and transactivate a bicoid targetsequence.
7720578| The murine cognate, Otx2, is first expressed in the entire epiblast of prestreak embryos and later in very anteriorregions of late-gastrulae, including the neuroectoderm of presumptive fore- and mid-brain. 
8613727| Dissociated primary cultures from rat telencephalon at different developmental stages were used to study the effect of basicfibroblast growth factor (FGF2) on Otx2, Dlx1, and Emx1, three homeobox genes expressed in different regions of thedeveloping mammalian forebrain. 
7893604| As in the mouse, the early expression patterns of the zOtx genes are consistent with a role in defining midbrain andforebrain territories. 
7931541| Here we report that Otx1 mRNA is expressed in a subpopulation of neurons within cortical layers 5 and 6 during postnataland adult life. 
1353865| Here we report the identification of Otx1 and Otx2, which are related to orthodenticle. 
1353865| Otx2 is expressed in every dorsal and most ventral regions of telencephalon, diencephalon and mesencephalon. 
8101484| A vertebrate gene related to orthodenticle contains a homeodomain of the bicoid class and demarcates anterior neuroectodermin the gastrulating mouse embryo. (title) 
8101484| Both genes are expressed in restricted regions of the developing rostral brain including the presumptive cerebral cortexand olfactory bulbs. 
8101484| The expression patterns of the two genes in diencephalon suggest that they both have a role in establishing the boundarybetween presumptive dorsal and ventral thalamus. 
8101484| They are also expressed in regions of the developing olfactory, auricolar and ocular system, including the covering ofthe optic nerve. 
8101484| Otx2 appears to be already expressed in the epiblast of prestreak embryos. 
8101484| In early midgestation embryos it is expressed in telencephalic, diencephalic and mesencephalic regions but from day 11.75of gestation its expression disappears from dorsal telencephalon and is confined to diencephalic and mesencephalic regions. 
7720578| The presence of the Xotx2 homeodomain is required to produce these effects.
8613727| In these cultures, Otx2 is expressed by precursor cells, whereas Dlx1 and Emx1 are predominantly expressed by postmitoticcells.
8613727| This effect was gene-specific, dose-dependent, and temporally regulated, with larger effects at earlier stages ofdevelopment (E11.5).
8613727| This interaction between FGF2 and Otx2 may be important for the regulation of neurogenesis in the forebrain.
8235591| Thus, noggin has the expression pattern and activity expected of an endogenous neural inducer.
7893604| The posterior limit of expression of both genes in 10-30-h embryos forms a sharp boundary at the posterior border of themidbrain.
7931541| This gene is also expressed by the precursors of deep-layer neurons within the developing cerebral ventricular zone, but isapparently downregulated by the progenitors of upper-layer neurons;
7720578| In stage 10.5 gastrulae, Xotx2 transcripts start to be detectable also in presumptive anterior neuroectoderm, where theypersist in subsequent stages.
7720578| In particular, retinoic acid treatment essentially abolishes Xotx2 expression in neuroectoderm.
7720578| Microinjection of Xotx2 mRNA in 1-, 2- and 4-cell stage embryos causes the appearance of secondary cement glands and partialsecondary axes in embryos with reduced trunk and tail structures.
7720578| Microinjected transcripts of Xotx2 constructs containing a homeodomain where this lysine is substituted by a glutamine or aglutamic acid residue fail to cause these effects.
7898305| Different spatio-temporal expressions of three otx homeoprotein transcripts during zebrafish embryogenesis. (title)
8613727| Fibroblast growth factor 2 increases Otx2 expression in precursor cells from mammalian telencephalon. (title)
8613727| At embryonic day (E)13.5. the regional pattern of expression of Otx1, Otx2, Dlx1, Dlx2, Dlx5, and Emx1 is maintained inprimary culture, suggesting that cells are already committed to a regional identity at this stage.
8613727| We found that FGF2 increased Otx2 expression within precursor cells and the total number of Otx2-expressing cells.
8235591| Neural induction by the secreted polypeptide noggin. (title)
8235591| The Spermann organizer induces neural tissue from dorsal ectoderm and dorsalizes lateral and ventral mesoderm in Xenopus.
8235591| Noggin induces cement glands and anterior brain markers, but not hindbrain or spinal cord markers.
7893604| Expression of two zebrafish orthodenticle-related genes in the embryonic brain. (title)
7893604| Between 9 and 14 h of development, zOtx transcripts disappear from forebrain regions in a manner characteristic for eachgene, and from 14 to 24 h, particular regions of the forebrain and midbrain express one or both genes.
7931541| Within the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, neurons are organized in layers that segregate neurons with distinctivemorphologies and axonal connections, and areas or regions that correspond to distinct functional domains.
7931541| To explore the molecular underpinnings of pattern formation in layered regions of the CNS, we have characterized the patternsof expression of two homeodomain genes, Otx1 and Otx2, by in situ hybridization during embryonic and postnatal development inthe rat.
7931541| Otx1 and Otx2 are vertebrate homologs of the Drosophila gap gene orthodenticle, and are expressed during the development ofthe murine CNS (Simeone et al., 1992).
7931541| Otx1 is never expressed by the neurons of layers 1-4.
7931541| During postnatal development, Otx1 is expressed within anterior cerebellar lobules;
7931541| Otx2 mRNA is localized posteriorly, and a region of overlap in mid-cerebellum defines a third domain in which both genes areexpressed.
7931541| The boundaries of Otx1 and Otx2 expression correspond to the major functional boundaries of the cerebellum, and define thevestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, and pontocerebellum, respectively.
12477932| ESTs were generated from libraries enriched for full-length cDNAs and analyzed to identify candidate full-ORF clones,which then were sequenced to high accuracy.
1353865| We have compared the expression domains of the four genes in the developing rostral brain of mouse embryos at a developmentalstage, day 10 post coitum, when they are all expressed.

PENK_XENLA.fun:

9126357| Mass spectrometry of fragments produced by limited proteolytic digestion of pro-enkephalin was used to locate thedisulfide bridges in synenkephalin (pro-enkephalin 1-73), a domain which contains sorting information for targeting thepro-neuropeptide to the granules of the regulated secretory pathway in neuroendocrine cells. 
1721992| Recent studies show that proenkephalin mRNA is expressed early in development both in mammals and the amphibian, suggestingthat enkephalins may play a unique role in embryogenesis. 
1721992| To assay for sequences that could potentially regulate Xenopus proenkephalin expression, we transfected constructs thatcontained upstream genomic sequences linked to the CAT reporter gene into various eukaryotic cell lines. 
1721992| In brain, they function as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and neurohormones. 
1721992| In order to characterize factors which regulate the onset and patterning of expression of this gene in adult anddeveloping frog embryos, the proenkephalin A gene was cloned from Xenopus laevis.
1721992| Primer extension and RNase protection assay analyses of the RNA transcripts revealed two major 5' ends.
1721992| The expression of the fusion gene constructs were detected and could be induced 10- to 30-fold upon treatment withforskolin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
1721992| The clones have been characterized by DNA sequencing and restriction endonuclease mapping.
1721992| Exon I encodes the 5' untranslated region of the mRNA.
1721992| Biologically active opioid peptides are generated from exon III.
12477932| ESTs were generated from libraries enriched for full-length cDNAs and analyzed to identify candidate full-ORF clones,which then were sequenced to high accuracy.
9126357| Mass spectrometric analysis was optimized by using chemicals that gave low interference with the ionization and desorptionprocesses, and computer software which simplified the identification of all possible disulfide-linked peptide fragments.

PRO2_HUMAN.fun:

11034907| Our results indicate unexpected diversity in the functions of the profilin family of proteins, and suggest that inmouse profilin IIA is intimately involved in actin dynamics, while profilin IIB associates with other cytoskeletalcomponents. 
10600384| Profilin binds to monomeric actin in a 1:1 complex, catalyzes the exchange of the actin-bound nucleotide andregulates actin filament barbed end assembly. 
10600384| In contrast to serine 29 of profilin I, tyrosine 29 in profilin II is capable of forming an additional stackinginteraction and a hydrogen bond with poly-L-proline which may account for the increased affinity of the second isoformfor proline-rich peptides.
7758455| We expressed both isoforms in bacteria and compared their actin-binding properties, binding to poly(L-proline),affinities for phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2), and their effects on nucleotide exchange on actin. 
11034907| Profilin IIB on the other hand does not bind to actin and the affinity for poly-L-proline is greatly diminished. 
7601111| This difference is explained by an amino acid exchange in the carboxy-terminal part of the protein which has beenimplicated in poly(L-proline) binding (Bjorkegren, C., Rozycki, M., Schutt, C., Lindberg, U. & 
11034907| Profilin IIA binds to poly-L-proline and actin with high affinity similar to profilin I. 
7601111| Profilin II binds actin with a similar affinity to that of profilin I, although it inhibits actin polymerization morestrongly than profilin I under non-equilibrium conditions.
11027290| Profilin II is alternatively spliced, resulting in profilin isoforms that are differentially expressed and havedistinct biochemical properties. (title)
11027290| It contains five exons that can generate four different transcripts by alternative splicing.
11027290| Profilin IIb appears to be a minor form, and its expression is restricted to a limited number of tissues, indicating thatthe alternative splicing is tightly regulated.
7601111| Profilin II binds to poly(L-proline) more strongly than does profilin I; this is especially evident at more acidic pHvalues. 
8365484| Northern blot analysis showed that profilin II is highly expressed in brain, skeletal muscle and kidney and less stronglyin heart, placenta, lung and liver. 
10600384| Like SH3 domains, profilin has a surface-exposed aromatic patch which binds to proline-rich peptides. 
11034907| However, tubulin was found to bind to GST-profilin IIB, and in vivo GFP-profilin IIB was recruited to spindles andasters during mitosis in HeLa cells. 
7758455| However, the affinity of profilin I for monomeric actin is about five times higher than the affinity of profilin II foractin.
7601111| Since functional characteristics for profilin II are lacking, we assayed the actin, the phosphatidylinositol4,5-bisphosphate and the poly(L-proline) binding properties of this isoform.
10600384| Human profilins are multifunctional, single-domain proteins which directly link the actin microfilament system to avariety of signalling pathways via two spatially distinct binding sites.
11027290| Two transcripts encode different profilin II isoforms (designated IIa and IIb) that have similar affinities for actinbut different affinities for polyphosphoinositides and proline-rich sequences.
11027290| Western blotting and whole-mount in situ hybridization show that, in contrast to the expression of profilin I, theexpression level of profilin IIa is developmentally regulated.
11034907| Alternative splicing of the mouse profilin II gene generates functionally different profilin isoforms. (title)
11034907| Profilin I is expressed universally at high levels, while profilin II is expressed mainly in the brain.
7758455| Potential structural differences of profilin I and profilin II that might explain the difference in actin binding arediscussed.
7601111| Purification and characterization of bovine profilin II. Actin, poly(L-proline) and inositolphospholipid binding. (title)
7601111| Profilin II also binds the anionic phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.
12477932| ESTs were generated from libraries enriched for full-length cDNAs and analyzed to identify candidate full-ORF clones,which then were sequenced to high accuracy.
8365484| Cloning and expression of a novel human profilin variant, profilin II. (title)
8365484| We have isolated a 1.7 kbp cDNA encoding a 140 amino acid protein (15.1 kDa, pI 5.91) with a high sequence similarity (62%)to human profilin (profilin I).
8365484| In addition, three different transcript lengths were detected.
8365484| Only one transcript of profilin I was found.
10600384| Various multidomain proteins including members of the Ena/VASP and formin families localize profilin:actin complexesthrough profilin:poly-L-proline interactions to particular cytoskeletal locations (e.g. focal adhesions, cleavage furrows).
10600384| This structure reveals an aromatic extension of the previously defined poly-L-proline binding site for profilin I.
10600384| Differential isoform specificity for proline-rich proteins may be attributed to the differences in charged and hydrophobicresidues in and proximal to the poly-L-proline binding site.
10600384| The actin-binding face remains nearly identical with the exception of five amino acid differences.
10600384| These observations are important for the understanding of the functional and structural differences between these twoclasses of profilin isoforms.
11027290| Profilin I is the major form in all tissues, except in the brain, where profilin IIa is most abundant.
11034907| Profilins are a conserved family of proteins participating in actin dynamics and cell motility.
11034907| Here we describe the occurrence of two mouse profilin II isoforms, A and B, which are derived by alternative splicing.

RBS_TOBAC.fun:

8425051| We find protection of one or more of these sequences in the aforementioned organs, indicating that the correspondingDNA-binding proteins could function in directing differential expression of the genes, although functional studies wouldbe required to establish this point.
3012537| However, the mature part of the polypeptide encoded by the tobacco RBCS gene differs by five and six amino acids from thecorresponding region in the polypeptides encoded by Rbcs-2A and Rbcs-3A, respectively, while these two tomato RBCSpolypeptides differ from each other in the mature part by a single amino acid.
3012537| Thus the tobacco gene seems to be phylogenetically as closely related to the tomato genes Rbcs-2A and Rbcs-3A as the lattertwo are to each other, and more closely related to them than Rbcs-1 is. 
8425051| Organ-specific differences in DNase I protection patterns were observed using nuclear extracts derived from cotyledons,leaves, young fruit, mature fruit, and roots of tomato, implying that organ-specific transcription of these genes is controlledat the level of DNA-protein interaction.
8425051| While most of the DNase I protections encompass previously identified conserved sequence motifs and their flankingsequence, we also observe protection of additional sequences, many of which occur in the region of the transcription startsite.
4000958| The tobacco gene is most closely related to the SS genes from the dicots soybean and pea, and less so to the monocotswheat and Lemna; the deduced amino acid sequence of the mature protein is in all cases more closely conserved than is itschloroplast transit sequence. 
4000958| Its position coincides with the boundary of a 12 amino acid insertion in the SS genes of higher plants, relative to thoseof blue green algae. 
8425051| The three genes, designated rbcS1, -2 and -3A are similarly expressed in cotyledons of dark-grown seedlings, in immaturetomato fruit, and in leaves under conditions of water stress. 
3684569| 13, 2372-2386), indicating that gene duplication and/or gene conversion may have played a role in the evolution of thetobacco SSU family. 
3478552| Genomic organization, sequence analysis and expression of all five genes encoding the small subunit ofribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from tomato. (title)
4000958| The 5' flanking end of the gene carries 67 bp inverted repeats, which flank a series of eight direct repeats; the directrepeats themselves each carry inverted repeats.
8425051| DNase I footprinting assays were used to map sites of DNA-protein interaction in the promoter regions of three of the fivegenes encoding the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcS) in tomato.
1512238| The site of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activation is well ordered in the absence of the carbamylationof Lys201 and Mg2+ binding.
3012537| Rbcs-1, whose nucleotide sequence shows higher divergence from both the tobacco RBCS gene and Rbcs-2A and Rbcs-3A, encodesa polypeptide whose mature part differs by eight amino acids from the corresponding region in the tobacco polypeptide but only bythree and four amino acids from the corresponding regions of Rbcs-2A- and Rbcs-3A-encoded polypeptides, respectively.
3478552| Nucleotide sequence analysis suggests that the five rbcS genes encode four different precursors, and three different maturepolypeptides.
3478552| S1 nuclease mapping of the 5' end of rbcS mRNAs revealed that the mRNA leader sequences vary in length from 8 to 75nucleotides.
3557127| Nucleotide sequence and molecular evolution of two tomato genes encoding the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphatecarboxylase. (title)
3557127| We have isolated and sequenced two cDNA clones (LESS5 and LESS17) encoding the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphatecarboxylase of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum).
3557127| In addition, the tomato gene LESS17, and the Petunia hybrida gene SSU611, may also be orthologous, since their untranslated3' regions are related.
3557127| This difference may reflect different levels of methylation, and therefore expression, of the tomato genes.
3557127| Many of the differences involving the CG dinucleotide can be represented as transitions between C and T on the noncodingstrand.
3557127| Such changes are consistent with observations that methylated cytosines are hot-spots for transitions.
2388836| Nucleotide sequences of two genes encoding the small subunit of RUBISCO in Nicotiana sylvestris. (title)
8299958| The gene family encoding the ribulose-(1,5)-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) small subunit of potato. (title)
8299958| We determined the nucleotide sequences of five members of the rbcS gene family encoding the small subunit (SSU) ofribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) of potato.
8299958| The genomic organization, structure and expression of the genes is compared to the features of the rbcS genes in tomato.
8299958| However, the expression data of orthologous rbcS genes containing highly identical regulatory cis-acting elements werefound to be different, suggesting that the simple finding of these motifs does not automatically imply similar transcriptionaland/or post-transcriptional gene regulation.
1512238| Crystal structure of the unactivated form of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from tobacco refined at 2.0-Aresolution. (title)
1512238| The structure of the unactivated form of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase was refined at a resolution of 2.0A to an R-factor of 17.1%.
1512238| The dominant contacts between these L2 dimers are formed by the small subunits.
1512238| The active site shows differences between the unactivated form and the quaternary complex.
1512238| In the unactivated state, the active site is accessible to substrate binding.
3012537| Evidence for selection as a mechanism in the concerted evolution of Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) genes encoding the smallsubunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. (title)
3012537| The nuclear gene sequences encoding RBCS, the small subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (EC4.1.1.39) from several plants show extensive interspecific divergence but little intraspecific divergence, suggesting that thesegenes are evolving in concert within a genome.
3012537| Thus, it appears that in the tomato selection has maintained near uniformity of the coding information in the portion of theRBCS genes encoding the mature polypeptides.
3422467| Although in most cases the amino acid sequences in the transit peptide part of different rbcS genes from the same speciesvaried considerably more than the corresponding mature amino acid sequences, one exception found in tomato and potato indicatesthat the transit peptide of rbcS could have a special function.

SEP7_HUMAN.fun:

11859360| We identify highly conserved genes important for eukaryotic cell organization including those required for thecytoskeleton, compartmentation, cell-cycle control, proteolysis, protein phosphorylation and RNA splicing. 
8181057| In addition to its role in cytokinesis, pnut displays genetic interactions with seven in absentia, a gene requiredfor neuronal fate determination in the compound eye, suggesting that pnut may have pleiotropic functions. 
8152419| Their products are associated with the formation of a ring of neck filaments that forms at the region of the mothercell-bud junction during mitosis. 
12537569| We have previously described the Drosophila Gene Collection (DGC), a set of putative full-length cDNAs that was producedby generating and analyzing over 250,000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) derived from a variety of tissues and developmentalstages. 
9203580| The Nedd5-containing fibers are disrupted by microinjection of GTPgammaS and by Nedd5 mutants lacking GTP-bindingactivity, implying that GTP hydrolysis is required for its assembly. 
12747765| In addition, mRNA encoding tumor protein D52 was overexpressed in 60% of breast cancer specimens, while transcriptsencoding SNT-1 signal adaptor protein were downregulated in 70% of these cases.
11511094| The transcript of beta form lacks a hydrophobic region, which suggests that this form arises from a single Bradeiongene through unique RNA splicing.
8181057| The Drosophila peanut gene is required for cytokinesis and encodes a protein similar to yeast putative bud neck filamentproteins. (title) 
8181057| We find that pnut is also required for cytokinesis: in pnut mutants, imaginal tissues fail to proliferate and insteaddevelop clusters of large, multinucleate cells. 
8181057| Our results suggest that this class of proteins is involved in aspects of cytokinesis that have been conserved betweenflies and yeast. 
9889007| Based on sequence homologies, the gene belongs to an expanding family of GTP-binding proteins, septins, that areinvolved in cytokinesis. 
8791410| The septins are a novel family of proteins that were first recognized in yeast as proteins associated with the neckfilaments. 
9611266| Our results indicate that the gene is expressed at high levels in platelets and neural tissue, and is transcriptionallycomplex. 
8697812| The major type, 3.5 kb long, was expressed ubiquitously in all human tissues examined, but a 2.0-kb alternativetranscript lacking any long AU-rich element in the 3' non-coding region was expressed abundantly only in testis, heart andskeletal muscle.
10591208| The genomic sequence provides access to the complete structures of all genes, including those without known function,their control elements, and, by inference, the proteins they encode, as well as all other biologically important sequences.
12747765| The ability of the immune system to recognize structurally altered, amplified or aberrantly expressed proteins can beused to identify molecules of etiologic relevance to cancer and to define targets for cancer immunotherapy.
12747765| A serological profile was generated for each antigen on the basis of reactivity with allogeneic sera from normalindividuals and cancer patients, and mRNA expression profiles for coding sequences were assembled based upon the tissuedistribution of expressed sequence tags, Northern blots and real-time RT-PCR.
12537569| Clones were eliminated either because they carry single nucleotide discrepancies, which most probably result fromreverse transcriptase errors, or because they are truncated and contain only part of the protein-coding sequence.
12537572| RESULTS: Although the number of predicted protein-coding genes in Drosophila remains essentially unchanged, the revisedannotation significantly improves gene models, resulting in structural changes to 85% of the transcripts and 45% of thepredicted proteins.
12537572| Finally, cDNA sequence provided evidence for dicistronic transcripts, neighboring genes with overlapping UTRs on the sameDNA sequence strand, alternatively spliced genes that encode distinct, non-overlapping peptides, and numerous nested genes.
9385360| We have isolated the cDNA corresponding to this DRES and show that it is a novel member of the family of septin genes, whichencode proteins with GTPase activity thought to interact during cytokinesis.
12466851| These are clustered into 33,409 'transcriptional units', contributing 90.1% of a newly established mousetranscriptome database.
12466851| Whole-transcriptome analyses resulted in the identification of 2,431 sense-antisense pairs.
9611266| The HCDCREL-1 gene possesses a non-consensus polyadenylation signal that apparently is not efficiently utilized, resultingin the expression of a readthrough transcript also containing the platelet GPIb beta coding region.
9022087| The 206 amino acid precursor of GP Ib(beta) is synthesized from a 1.0-kb mRNA expressed by megakaryocytes and wasoriginally characterized from cDNA clones of human erythroleukemic (HEL) cell mRNA, a cell line exhibiting megakaryocytic-likeproperties.
9520435| We conclude that industrially scaled robogenomics in model organisms will have great impact if it can be realisticallylinked to epigenetic analyses of human variation and to phenotypic analyses of human diseases in different geneticbackgrounds. 
8152419| Certain cell division cycle (CDC) genes, CDC3, CDC10, CDC11, CDC12, are known to be involved in events critical to thepattern of bud growth and the completion of cytokinesis. 
8152419| The latter is thought to be related to the pathogenesis and invasiveness of C. albicans. 
11322766| We present the genomic localization and organization on chromosome 22q13.2, a chromosomal hot spot for translocationsimplicated in leukemia. 
8181057| These genes are required for cytokinesis, and their products are present at the bud neck during cell division. 
8590280| In this series of projects regarding the accumulation of sequence information of unidentified human genes, we newlydeduced the sequences of 40 full-length cDNA clones of human cell line KG-1, and predicted the coding sequences of thecorresponding genes, named KIAA0121 to 0160. 
8590280| Northern hybridization analysis demonstrated that 13 genes were expressed in a cell- or tissue-specific manner. 
8791410| The septins: roles in cytokinesis and other processes. (title) 
8791410| The septins also appear to be involved in various other aspects of the organization of the cell surface. 
9203580| In interphase and postmitotic cells, Nedd5 localizes to fibrous or granular structures depending on the growth state ofthe cell. 
9385360| The gene, which we call PNUTL1, maps to the region of 22q11.2 frequently deleted in DiGeorge and velo-cardio-facial syndromesand is particularly highly expressed in the brain. 
11511094| Interestingly, this brain-specific Bradeion gene is also expressed in two human cancers, colorectal cancer andmalignant melanoma. 
2174398| Lymphocyte adhesion to high endothelial venule cells in lymphoid organs of mice is mediated by several cell-surfaceglycoproteins, one of which, gp90MEL-14, is detected by the MEL-14 monoclonal antibody (mAb). 
10731132| The genome encodes approximately 13,600 genes, somewhat fewer than the smaller Caenorhabditis elegans genome, but withcomparable functional diversity.
9022087| The cell line CHRF-288-11 also exhibits megakaryocytic-like properties, but synthesizes two related GP Ib(beta) mRNAspecies of 3.5 and 1.0 kb.
9022087| We performed cDNA cloning experiments to identify the origin of the 3.5-kb transcript and determine its relationship tothe 1.0-kb GP Ib(beta) mRNA found in megakaryocytes, platelets, and HEL cells.
9022087| Our cloning experiments demonstrate that the longer transcript results from a nonconsensus polyadenylation recognitionsequence, 5'AACAAT3', within a separate gene located upstream to the platelet GP Ib(beta) gene.
9022087| This newly identified 5' gene contains an open reading frame encoding 369 amino acids with a high degree of sequencesimilarity to an expanding family of GTP-binding proteins.
8697812| Its transcript has an open reading frame of 1,218 nucleotides encoding 406 amino acids.
11322766| An expression sequence tag identified in a screen for genes upregulated by retinoic acid induced neuronaldifferentiation of the human teratocarcinoma cell line Ntera2/D1 was found in close genomic proximity to a region of highsequence homology to the septin subfamily of GTPase genes.
8590280| The results of a computer search of public databases indicated that the sequences of 13 genes were unrelated to anyreported genes, while the remaining 27 genes carried sequences which showed some similarities to known genes.
12537569| This corresponds to at least one splice form for 40% of the predicted D. melanogaster genes.
9889007| In Northern analysis, PNUTL2 is ubiquitously expressed as a 1.7-kb transcript in adult and fetal tissues withparticularly high expression in the heart, liver, and adrenal gland.
9203580| The Nedd5-containing fibers also appear to physically contact actin bundles and focal adhesion complexes and are disrupted bycytochalasin D, C3 exoenzyme, and serum starvation, suggesting a functional interaction with the actin-based cytoskeletalsystems in interphase cells.
8037772| This cDNA contained an open reading frame of 1254 nucleotides encoding 418 amino acids, which included a GTP-bindingmotif, GX4GKS--DX2G--KXD.
9385360| A Drosophila-related expressed sequence tag (DRES) with sequence similarity to the peanut gene has previously beenlocalized to human chromosome 22q11.
11511094| Ectopic expression of normal Bradeion alpha and beta transcripts were confirmed both in patients' tumor samples and inin vitro cultured human cancer cell lines.
2174398| Quantitative analysis of candidate differential clones by RNA probe protection methods identified five clones whosesteady-state mRNA levels were increased in the EL4MEL-14-hi cells.
12466851| Analysis of the mouse transcriptome based on functional annotation of 60,770 full-length cDNAs. (title)
12466851| Of these transcriptional units, 4,258 are new protein-coding and 11,665 are new non-coding messages, indicating thatnon-coding RNA is a major component of the transcriptome.
12466851| In protein-coding transcripts, 79% of splice variations altered the protein product.
12466851| The present work, completely supported by physical clones, provides the most comprehensive survey of a mammaliantranscriptome so far, and is a valuable resource for functional genomics.
9611266| Septins are a family of highly conserved filament-forming proteins that have been shown to mediate cytokinesis andcytoskeletal organization in fungi and Drosophila.
9022087| Alternative expression of platelet glycoprotein Ib(beta) mRNA from an adjacent 5' gene with an imperfect polyadenylationsignal sequence. (title)
9022087| GP Ib is composed of two subunits (GP Ib(alpha) and GP Ib(beta)) each synthesized from separate genes.
8697812| We have isolated a novel human cDNA that encodes a protein homologous to murine H5 and Diff6, and to yeast CDC10, andmapped it to chromosome region 2q37 by fluorescent in situ hybridization.
8697812| Different polyA sites accounted for generation of two transcripts.
9520435| Data transferability from model organisms to human beings: insights from the functional genomics of the flightless region ofDrosophila. (title)
9520435| To examine this question, we characterized a saturation-mutagenized 67-kb region of the Drosophila genome by gene deletions,transgenic rescues, phenotypic dissections, genomic and cDNA sequencing, bio-informatic analysis, reverse transcription-PCRstudies, and evolutionary comparisons.
9520435| These data pinpoint some general bottlenecks in functional genomics, and they reveal the acute emerging difficulties withdata transferability above the levels of genes and proteins, especially with complex human phenotypes.
9520435| However, newer transgenic technologies in Drosophila and Mus, combined with coherency pattern analyses of gene networks, andsynthetic neural modeling, offer insights into organismal function.
8152419| Homologs of the yeast neck filament associated genes: isolation and sequence analysis of Candida albicans CDC3 and CDC10.(title)
8152419| RNA analysis of one of the genes suggests that it is a regulated gene, with higher overall expression levels during thehyphal phase than in the yeast phase.
8152419| A database search revealed significant sequence similarity with two peptides, one from Drosophila and one from mouse,suggesting strong evolutionary conservation of function.
9169871| The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the pre-eminent organism for the study of basic functions of eukaryotic cells.
9169871| All of the genes of this simple eukaryotic cell have recently been revealed by an international collaborative effort todetermine the complete DNA sequence of its nuclear genome.
11322766| Human septin 3 on chromosome 22q13.2 is upregulated by neuronal differentiation. (title)
11322766| Interestingly, MSF the closest paralog of septin 3 is a fusion partner in a therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia.
11322766| Quantitative PCR confirmed the upregulation of the putative septin by neuronal differentiation and northern blottingshowed only one band corresponding to sep3B with a neurospecific expression pattern in adult human tissues.
11859360| The centromeres are between 35 and 110 kilobases (kb) and contain related repeats including a highly conserved 1.8-kbelement.
11859360| Regions upstream of genes are longer than in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), possibly reflecting more-extendedcontrol regions.
11859360| Fifty genes have significant similarity with human disease genes; half of these are cancer related.
11859360| Few similarly conserved genes that are important for multicellular organization were identified, suggesting that thetransition from prokaryotes to eukaryotes required more new genes than did the transition from unicellular to multicellularorganization.
8181057| We have identified a Drosophila gene, peanut (pnut), that is related in sequence to the CDC3, CDC10, CDC11, and CDC12 genesof S. cerevisiae.
12747765| Humoral immunity to human breast cancer: antigen definition and quantitative analysis of mRNA expression. (title)
12747765| In the current study, ninety-four distinct antigens reactive with serum IgG from breast cancer patients were identifiedby immunoscreening breast cancer-derived cDNA expression libraries (SEREX).
12747765| Forty antigens reacted exclusively with sera from cancer patients.
12747765| These included well-characterized tumor antigens, e.g.
12747765| MAGE-3, MAGE-6, NY-ESO-1, Her2neu and p53, as well as newly-defined breast cancer antigens, e.g. kinesin 2, TATA elementmodulatory factor 1, tumor protein D52 and MAGE D, and novel gene products, e.g.
12747765| With regard to expression profiles, two of the novel gene products, NY-BR-62 and NY-BR-85, were characterized by a highlevel of testicular mRNA expression, and were overexpressed in 60% and 90% of breast cancers, respectively.
12747765| This study adds to the growing list of breast cancer antigens defined by SEREX and to the ultimate objective ofidentifying the complete repertoire of immunogenic gene products in human cancer (the cancer immunome).
8590280| Although a vast number of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) have been registered for comprehensive analysis of cDNA clones,our sequence data indicated that their distribution is very unbalanced: e.g. while no EST hit 7 genes, 85 ESTs fell in a singlegene.
12537569| BACKGROUND: A collection of sequenced full-length cDNAs is an important resource both for functional genomics studies andfor the determination of the intron-exon structure of genes.
12537569| RESULTS: We have generated high-quality full-insert sequence for 8,921 clones in the DGC.
9889007| We assigned two human expressed sequence tags (ESTs), WI-15444 and SGC32067, homologous to mouse brain protein h5, to thecritical region for Meckel syndrome (MKS) on 17q22-q23.
9203580| Nedd5, a mammalian septin, is a novel cytoskeletal component interacting with actin-based structures. (title)
9203580| The mouse Nedd5 gene encodes a 41.5-kD GTPase similar to the Saccharomyces and Drosophila septins essential forcytokinesis.
9203580| Nedd5 accumulates near the contractile ring from anaphase through telophase, and finally condenses into the midbody.
12537572| We made the annotation process more rigorous by inspecting each gene visually, utilizing a comprehensive set of curationrules, requiring traceable evidence for each gene model, and comparing each predicted peptide to SWISS-PROT and TrEMBLsequences.
12537572| We annotated transposable elements and non-protein-coding RNAs as new features, and extended the annotation of untranslated(UTR) sequences and alternative transcripts to include more than 70% and 20% of genes, respectively.
12537572| At present, experimental data and human curation remain essential to generate high-quality genome annotations.
12477932| ESTs were generated from libraries enriched for full-length cDNAs and analyzed to identify candidate full-ORF clones,which then were sequenced to high accuracy.
8037772| Each of these sequence homologues, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC10, contains the GTP-binding motif.
8037772| Northern blot analyses indicated that the hCDC10 gene is expressed ubiquitously in normal tissues.
9385360| The predicted protein has P-loop nucleotide binding and GTPase motifs.
11511094| Characterization of tissue- and cell-type-specific expression of a novel human septin family gene, Bradeion. (title)
11511094| Northern blot and in situ hybridization analysis showed that Bradeion has two distinct transcripts, approximately 2.2 and1.7 kb length (alpha and beta, respectively) mainly in brain and slightly in heart, and no expression in any fetal organs.
2174398| Lymphocyte HEV adhesion variants differ in the expression of multiple gene sequences. (title)
2174398| The MEL-14 mAb was used to select two variants of the EL4 cell line, EL4MEL-14-hi and EL4-MEL-14-lo, that have disparate cellsurface expression of this adhesion receptor.
2174398| One of these clones, DIFF6, is derived from an RNA whose expression level is higher in several cell lines producing highamounts of MEL-14-reactive gp90, and absent or present at lower levels in several cell lines expressing low levels of thisglycoprotein.
2174398| However, DIFF6 does not encode gp90MEL-14.
2174398| Present experiments indicate that expression of gp90MEL-14, a cell-surface-adhesion receptor molecule, may be coregulatedwith additional cytoplasmic or nuclear factors.
12466851| Only a small proportion of the mouse genome is transcribed into mature messenger RNA transcripts.
12466851| There is an international collaborative effort to identify all full-length mRNA transcripts from the mouse, and to ensurethat each is represented in a physical collection of clones.
12466851| 41% of all transcriptional units showed evidence of alternative splicing.
9611266| Structure and expression of the human septin gene HCDCREL-1. (title)
9611266| The gene encoding the human septin family member HCDCREL-1 has been shown to be transcribed from a locus immediatelyadjacent to that of the platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib b.
9611266| As a first step in understanding the regulation and function of HCDCREL-1, we have analyzed the structure of this gene andcharacterized its expression in a variety of human cells.

STRP_STREQ.fun:

11296296| These prophage-associated genes encode at least six potential virulence factors, emphasizing the importance ofbacteriophages in horizontal gene transfer and a possible mechanism for generating new strains with increased pathogenicpotential.
11296296| Additional genes have been identified that encode proteins likely associated with microbial "molecularmimicry" of host characteristics and involved in rheumatic fever or acute glomerulonephritis. 
2989113| Upstream from the skc gene, the putative skc promoter and the ribosome-binding site sequence have been identified;downstream from the coding region, inverted repeat sequences thought to function as transcription terminators have beendetected. 
11296296| Approximately one-third of these genes have no identifiable function, with the remainder falling into previouslycharacterized categories of known microbial function.
2989113| The entire nucleotide sequence of a cloned 2568-bp PstI fragment from the genome of Streptococcus equisimilis H46A encodingthe streptokinase gene (skc) has been determined.
2989113| The protein is synthesized with a 26-amino acid residue N-terminal extension having properties characteristic of a signalpeptide.
11296296| The 1,852,442-bp sequence of an M1 strain of Streptococcus pyogenes, a Gram-positive pathogen, has been determined andcontains 1,752 predicted protein-encoding genes.
11296296| Consistent with the observation that S. pyogenes is responsible for a wider variety of human disease than any otherbacterial species, more than 40 putative virulence-associated genes have been identified.

TGR3_RAT.fun:

1657407| In L6 myoblasts lacking the endogenous type III receptor, expression of the recombinant receptor leads to anincrease in the amount of ligand bound and cross-linked to surface type II TGF-beta receptors. 
8370410| Both forms were shown to bind TGF-beta 1 and, when overexpressed in transfected mouse fibroblasts, to formdisulfide-linked homodimers, indicating that the cysteine residues present in the extracellular domain are responsible forthe dimerization.
1692830| The presence of RGD, a key recognition structure in cellular adhesion, suggests a critical role for endoglin in the binding of endothelial cells to integrins and/or other RGD receptors. 
8370410| Independent cDNA constructs corresponding to both forms were transfected into mouse fibroblasts leading to theexpression of two distinct endoglin molecules. 
8125301| The sequence of a cDNA encoding the cell surface MJ7/18 antigen revealed homology to human endoglin, a homodimerictransforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-binding cell-surface glycoprotein expressed predominantly on vascular endothelialcells.
8194490| After chemical cross-linking with (125I)TGF beta 1 and immunoprecipitation with the polyclonal antihuman endoglin serum,a radiolabeled band of mol wt 180,000 corresponding to dimeric endoglin was observed under nonreducing conditions, whereas asingle band of mol wt 90,000 was seen under reducing conditions. 
1657407| This indicates that the type III receptor may regulate the ligand-binding ability or surface expression of the typeII receptor.
8370410| Identification and expression of two forms of the human transforming growth factor-beta-binding protein endoglin withdistinct cytoplasmic regions. (title)
8370410| Endoglin is an homodimeric membrane antigen with capacity to bind transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and whoseexpression is up-regulated on myeloid cells upon differentiation to macrophages.
10545596| Thus, these four HHT1 missense mutations lead to transient intracellular species which cannot interfere with normalendoglin function. 
10545596| These data suggest that haploinsufficiency, leading to reduced levels of one of the major surface glyco-proteins ofvascular endothelium, is the predominant mechanism underlying the HHT1 phenotype. 
1657406| The unique features of betaglycan suggest important roles in cell interaction with TGF-beta. 
7864874| The zona pellucida composed of three or four glycoproteins plays important roles in fertilization. 
9554745| In addition, some frameshift and nonsense mutations lead to very low or undetectable levels of transcript from themutant allele. 
10545596| We recently demonstrated that functional endoglin was expressed at half levels on human umbilical vein endothelialcells (HUVECs) and peripheral blood activated monocytes from HHT1 patients.
10545596| Metabolic labeling of activated monocytes from confirmed, clinically affected patients revealed reduced expression offully processed normal endoglin in all cases.
1657407| Introduction of the cDNA into COS cells and L6 myoblasts induces expression of a heterogenously glycosylated 280-330 kdprotein characteristic of the type III receptor that binds TGF-beta 1 specifically.
8294451| These results revealed that endoglin is a phosphorylated protein which forms a heteromeric complex with signalingreceptors for TGF-beta.
9245986| Five other mutations (two donor splice-site mutations and three deletions) produce altered mRNAs that are predicted toencode markedly truncated ENG proteins.
8125301| Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding mouse endoglin, an endothelial cell TGF-beta ligand. (title)
8194490| Endoglin is an integral membrane glycoprotein predominantly expressed on human endothelial cells and recently shown tobind transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF beta 1) with high affinity.
10625079| Endoglin is the gene mutated in HHT1, which is associated with a higher prevalence of pulmonary arteriovenousmalformations than HHT2, where ALK-1 is the mutated gene. 
1657406| We describe the primary structure of rat betaglycan, a polymorphic membrane-anchored proteoglycan with high affinity fortransforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). 
1657406| These chains are dispensable for TGF-beta binding to the core protein. 
1657406| The transmembrane region and the short cytoplasmic tail of betaglycan are very similar to these regions in human endoglin, anendothelial cell membrane glycoprotein involved in intercellular recognition. 
9245986| Furthermore, because the clinical manifestation of disease in these eight families was similar, we hypothesize thatphenotypic variation of HHT is not related to a particular ENG mutation. 
10545596| ENDOGLIN codes for a homodimeric membrane glycoprotein that interacts with receptors for members of the TGF-betasuperfamily and is the gene mutated in the autosomal dominant vascular disorder hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1(HHT1).
10625079| Endoglin is constitutively expressed on endothelial cells and inducible on peripheral blood activated monocytes so thatprotein levels can be measured by metabolic labeling and immunoprecipitation.
1657406| The ectodomain of betaglycan can be released as a soluble proteoglycan; a potential cleavage site near the transmembraneregion is identical to the highly regulated cleavage site of the membrane-anchored transforming growth factor-alpha precursor.
7841460| These results imply that all or most mammalian species express the ZPA, ZPB and ZPC proteins, which form the zonapellucida layer surrounding the oocyte.
7894484| In the present study, endoglin, a transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) binding protein, was analysed as a candidategene for the disorder based on chromosomal location, expression pattern and function.
8370410| However, the cytoplasmic tail encoded by this cDNA clone contains only 14 amino acids as opposed to the 47 residuespreviously reported, suggesting the existence of two alternative endoglin variants.
8294451| Endoglin forms a heteromeric complex with the signaling receptors for transforming growth factor-beta. (title)
8294451| Antibodies, raised against a peptide corresponding to the intracellular domain of porcine endoglin, immunoprecipitated an84-kDa protein under reducing condition and a 130-kDa protein under nonreducing condition in porcine aortic endothelialcells.
8294451| Endoglin was phosphorylated on serine residue(s), which did not change after stimulation by TGF-beta 1.
9245986| Two mutations (a termination codon in exon 4 and a large genomic deletion extending 3' of intron 8) did not produce astable ENG transcript in lymphocytes.
9157574| Recent investigation has mapped one of the responsible genes for HHT to chromosome 9q33-q34; subsequently, nine differentmutations have been identified in the endoglin gene, which encodes a transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) bindingprotein, in nine unrelated families with HHT.
10545596| Two types of mutant protein were previously analyzed, the product of an exon 3 skip which was expressed as a transientintracellular species and prematurely truncated proteins that were undetectable in patient samples.
10545596| Here we report the analysis of four proteins resulting from point mutations, with missense codons G52V and C53R in exon2, W149C in exon 4 and L221P in exon 5.
10545596| Pulse-chase analysis with HUVECs from a newborn with the C53R substitution indicated that mutant endoglin remainedintracellular as a precursor form and did not impair processing of the normal protein.
10545596| Biotinylation of cell surface proteins, metabolic labeling and pulse-chase analysis revealed that none of the engineeredmissense mutants was significantly expressed at the surface of COS-1 transfectants.
10625079| Reduced levels of endoglin were observed in umbilical vein endothelial cells in 15/28 subjects and in activated monocytesof all clinically affected relatives tested, suggesting that these individuals had HHT1.
10625079| No mutant protein was expressed at the cell surface in any of these cases, and a transient intracellular species was seenin samples of only two families, supporting a haploinsufficiency model.
10625079| Of the 16 mutations, 10 were novel, three had been independently identified in related families, and three werepreviously known.
1657406| Structure and expression of the membrane proteoglycan betaglycan, a component of the TGF-beta receptor system. (title)
7864874| The transcript of porcine ZP1 gene was detected only in growing oocytes.
1657407| The encoded receptor is an 853 amino acid protein with a large N-terminal extracellular domain containing at least one sitefor glycosaminoglycan addition, a single hydrophobic transmembrane domain, and a 41 amino acid cytoplasmic tail with no obvioussignaling motif.
7894484| Endoglin, a TGF-beta binding protein of endothelial cells, is the gene for hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1.(title)
7894484| Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by multisystemic vasculardysplasia and recurrent haemorrhage.
8370410| Sequencing of the largest clone (3073 bp), revealed that the leader sequence contains 25 residues and that the 586 aminoacids of the extracellular and transmembrane domains were identical to those described for endothelial endoglin.
8370410| The expression of these isoforms was demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction analyses on endothelial cells,myelomonocytic cell lines HL-60 and U-937, and placenta.
8294451| Human endoglin is a dimeric protein that binds transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta).
8294451| The deduced sequence of the primary translated product of endoglin consists of 643 amino acids with a high sequenceidentity (96%) to human endoglin in the transmembrane and intracellular domains, but with a lower sequence similarity (66%) inthe extracellular domain.
8294451| Porcine endoglin bound TGF-beta 1 and -beta 3 efficiently, but TGF-beta 2 less efficiently.
8294451| Endoglin was found to be coimmunoprecipitated with TGF-beta receptors type I and/or II by the endoglin antibodies or byTGF-beta receptor II antibodies in the presence of ligand.
8294451| Thus, endoglin and TGF-beta receptors I and/or II most likely formed a heteromeric receptor complex.
9245986| ENG sequences of affected members of the four linked families and probands from the 24 small families were screened formutations, by Southern blot analyses and by cycle sequencing of PCR-amplified DNA.
8125301| Northern blot analysis shows a 3.4-kb single transcript of the mouse endoglin.
8125301| However, unlike its human counterpart, mouse endoglin does not contain an RGD tripeptide which has been suggested as aligand of integrins.
1333192| The human TGF-beta type III receptor coding region encodes a protein of 849 amino acids with a single transmembrane domainand a short stretch of the intracellular domain.
9157574| Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by multisystem vasculardysplasia and recurrent hemorrhage.
9157574| As a result, the mutation was not found in any of them.
8194490| Molecular characterization and in situ localization of murine endoglin reveal that it is a transforming growth factor-betabinding protein of endothelial and stromal cells. (title)
8194490| The transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of all three proteins differ by two to four amino acids and are 70% identical tothe corresponding regions of the TGF beta binding protein, betaglycan.
8194490| This distribution is similar to that of extracellular TGF beta 1, particularly in heart and uterus, and suggests thatendoglin on stromal fibroblast-like cells might be regulating access of TGF beta 1 to the signaling receptor complex.
8194490| Thus murine fibroblast endoglin is capable of binding TGF beta 1.
8194490| Future studies should establish the specialized role of endoglin in the TGF beta receptor complex of endothelial andstromal cells.
1692830| Eleven antibody-positive and cross-hybridizing clones were obtained; reactivity with endothelial cell 3.4-kilobase mRNAtranscript was observed.
1692830| There are four potential N-linked glycosylation sites in the N-terminal domain and a probable O-glycan domain rich in Serand Thr residues proximal to the membrane-spanning domain.
9554745| Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by multisystemic vasculardysplasia and recurrent hemorrhage from the sites of vascular lesions.
9554745| Endoglin, a TGF-beta binding protein which maps to chromosome 9q3, is the gene for HHT1.
9554745| In this article we describe 11 novel ENG mutations in HHT kindreds, which include missense and splice-site mutations.

VFUS_VACCC.fun:

2822962| The 14-kilodalton protein appears to play an important role in virus penetration at the level of cell fusion; it alsoelicits neutralizing antibodies, and it forms covalently linked trimers on the surface of virions and in infected cells(Rodriguez et al., J. 
2389560| We provide genetic evidence for a role of the 14-kDa protein in cell fusion, since insertion of the 14-kDa encoding geneinto the genome of nonfusogenic mutant viruses generates heterozygous viruses that now acquire acid pH-dependent fusionactivity.
2389560| Vaccinia virus induces cell fusion at acid pH and this activity is mediated by the N-terminus of the 14-kDa virusenvelope protein. (title) 
2389560| Our findings demonstrate that vaccinia virus can induce strong fusion of cells in culture at acid pH implying some entry ofthe virus by endocytosis, that the 14-kDa virus envelope protein is the fusogenic protein, and that the N-terminal proximalregion is involved in fusion. 
2219722| Whereas several similarities to proteins of known function were discerned, the function of the majority of proteinsencoded by these open reading frames is as yet undetermined.
1856205| Identification, sequence, and expression of the gene encoding a Mr 35,000 subunit of the vaccinia virus DNA-dependent RNApolymerase. (title)
8384129| The complement-binding proteins, lymphokine-binding proteins, and serine protease inhibitors can be assigned to thistype, as can the proteins providing the orthopoxviruses with resistance to interferon.
2219722| Genes encoded by the virus were located by examination of DNA sequence characteristics and compared with existingvaccinia virus mapping analyses, sequence data, and transcription data.
2389560| We have identified the virus-induced fusion protein as a 14-kDa envelope protein, based on the ability of a 14-kDa specificmonoclonal antibody (mAbC3) to block vaccinia virus-induced fusion-from-within and fusion-from-without.
1856205| Antiserum to the purified recombinant protein, expressed in bacteria, reacted specifically with a Mr 35,000 polypeptidethat was detected starting 2 h after virus infection and that co-sedimented with RNA polymerase purified from virions. 
1856205| The gene rpo35, encoding a subunit of the vaccinia virus DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, was identified, and its RNA andprotein products were characterized.
1856205| An Mr 35,000 polypeptide, which bound antibody to the purified RNA polymerase, was synthesized in reticulocyte lysatesprogrammed with viral mRNA that hybridized to a 2,300-base pair segment of the viral genome.
2795717| Overall, these results show that the pattern of genomic conservation and variation between two poxvirus genera reflects thepattern within the orthopoxvirus genus but that, as observed previously, individual genes may not be present in genomic regionswhich are otherwise conserved in organization.
2033392| Examination of the sequences revealed an open reading frame encoding a 10K peptide with significant amino acid homology tothe 14K 'fusion' protein reported in vaccinia virus.
2033392| The occurrence of the TAAAT sequence upstream from the initiation codon indicates that the sequence is likely to betranscribed late in infection.
1856205| One open reading frame that could encode a 35,400-Da protein was identified as rpo35 on the basis of mRNA hybridization,cell-free translation, and immunoprecipitation.
1856205| RNA analyses indicated that the 5'-end of an early transcript started 25 nucleotides upstream of rpo35, which is consistentwith the location of an early promoter consensus sequence.
8384129| Genes of variola and vaccinia viruses necessary to overcome the host protective mechanisms. (title)
2389560| In this investigation we show that acid pH treatment of wild-type vaccinia virus-infected cells triggers strong fusion ofcells in culture, with an optimum at pH 4.8.
2389560| DNA sequence analyses of the 14-kDa encoding gene of the mutant viruses, 65-16 and 101-14, reveal N-terminal deletions of46 and 10 amino acids, respectively.
2389560| These deletions remove a small hydrophobic region at the N-terminus of the 14-kDa protein and prevent fusion.
2822962| Mapping and nucleotide sequence of the vaccinia virus gene that encodes a 14-kilodalton fusion protein. (title)
2822962| Restriction enzyme analysis and hybridization studies mapped the 14-kilodalton encoding sequences in the middle of vacciniavirus HindIII A DNA fragment.
1666548| (Creation of a clone library of fragments from the natural variola virus and study of the structural and functionalorganization of viral genes from a circle of hosts) (title)

VGLG_IHNV.fun:

2168974| Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence differences among VSV IND type 1 viruses revealed numerous substitutions withindefined antigenic epitopes, suggesting that immune selection may play a role in the evolution of these viruses. 
2741347| Expression of the G gene in COS cells resulted in production of a glycosylated protein of mol wt 71,000 which wasrecognized by anti-Chandipura antibodies.
2741347| The G protein was intracellularly transported to the cell surface and could induce cell fusion at low pH, showing thatthe expressed G protein was biologically active.
3459163| Start and stop transcription signals located at the border of each gene encoding a protein have been identified and aresimilar to the corresponding signals from vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and Sendai virus.
1954257| Although the protein encoded by this ORF displayed no similarity with other rhabdovirus proteins, it was supposed thatthe cDNA had been reverse-transcribed from a readthrough mRNA encoding successively for the M2 and the G proteins.
2985803| DNA sequences were determined for three cDNA clones encoding vesicular stomatitis virus glycoproteins from the tsO45 mutant(which encodes a glycoprotein that exhibits temperature-sensitive cell-surface transport), the wild-type parent strain, and aspontaneous revertant of tsO45.
2741347| A cDNA copy of the mRNA for the glycoprotein G of Chandipura virus, a rhabdovirus, has been cloned, sequenced, andexpressed in mammalian cells. 
3005478| Evolution of vesicular stomatitis virus in athymic nude mice: mutations associated with natural killer cell selection.(title) 
3005478| In this paper, we have sequenced the glycoprotein (G protein), matrix (M) and non-structural (NS) proteins of threeindependently derived VSV-P type mutants to find mutations associated with in vivo passage of persistently infected nudemouse tumours and with resistance to NK cells. 
1736537| Rapid sequence evolution of street rabies glycoprotein is related to the highly heterogeneous nature of the viralpopulation. (title) 
2168974| These primarily consist of an imprecise reiteration of the sequence UUUUUAA, apparently generated by a unique polymerasestuttering error. 
2741347| The deduced amino acid sequence of G shows that the encoded protein is a typical transmembrane glycoprotein of 524 aminoacids containing a cleavable amino-terminal signal peptide, two potential N-linked glycosylation sites, a hydrophobic membraneanchor domain near the carboxy terminus, and a cytoplasmic domain at the carboxy terminus.
2741347| Like the viral G protein, the expressed G contained covalently linked palmitic acid.
6268840| The mRNA encoding the vesicular stomatitis virus M protein is 831 nucleotides long, excluding polyadenylic acid, andencodes a protein of 229 amino acids.
2139267| The G transcription stop/polyadenylation consensus signal in SAD B19 is destroyed by a deletion of three A residues.
3005478| Treatment of nude mice with anti-asialo-GM1 allowed BHK cells persistently infected with wild-type VSV to form tumours, andBHK cells persistently infected with VSV-P were resistant to natural killer (NK) cells in vitro; this implicates NK cells inthe in vivo rejection of persistently infected tumours and in the selection of the VSV-P variant.
2822842| Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were determined and compared to previously known sequences of other rhabdovirusglycoproteins to determine the relatedness of Sigma virus to other viruses of this group.
2985803| We suggest that this nonconservative substitution may block protein transport by causing protein denaturation at thenonpermissive temperature.
2168974| This resulted in striking variation in G gene sizes, with gene lengths ranging from 1,652 to 1,868 nucleotides.
2741347| Structure and expression of the glycoprotein gene of Chandipura virus. (title)
1413521| The genome of bovine ephemeral fever rhabdovirus contains two related glycoprotein genes. (title)
1413521| The first ORF encodes a polypeptide comprising 623 residues which was identified by peptide sequencing as the virion Gprotein.
1413521| The second ORF encodes a polypeptide of 586 amino acids which also has characteristics of a rhabdovirus glycoprotein,including putative signal and transmembrane domains and eight potential glycosylation sites, and appears to correspond to a90-kDa nonstructural glycoprotein (GNS) identified in BEFV-infected cells (Walker et al. (1991) J.
3459163| Rabies cDNA clones, obtained by "walking along the genome" using two successive DNA primers, have allowed thesequence determination of the genes encoding the N, M1, M2, G, and the beginning of the L protein as well as the rabiesintergenic regions.
6268840| Nucleotide sequences of the mRNA's encoding the vesicular stomatitis virus G and M proteins determined from cDNA clonescontaining the complete coding regions. (title)
6268840| The complete nucleotide sequences of the vesicular stomatitis virus mRNA's encoding the glycoprotein (G) and the matrixprotein (M) have been determined from cDNA clones that contain the complete coding sequences from each mRNA.
6268840| The G protein mRNA is 1,665 nucleotides long, excluding polyadenylic acid, and encodes a protein of 511 amino acidsincluding a signal peptide of 16 amino acids.
6268840| The predicted M protein sequence does not contain any long hydrophobic or nonpolar domains that might promote membraneassociation.
6298453| Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone encoding the entire glycoprotein from the New Jersey serotype of vesicular stomatitisvirus. (title)
6298453| The nucleotide sequence of the mRNA encoding the glycoprotein from the New Jersey serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus(VSV) was determined from a cDNA clone containing the entire coding region.
6298453| The mRNA is 1,573 nucleotides long (excluding polyadenylic acid) and encodes a protein of 517 amino acids.
2139267| Molecular cloning and complete nucleotide sequence of the attenuated rabies virus SAD B19. (title)
2139267| Complementary DNA spanning the entire genome of the attenuated rabies virus strain SAD B19 which is used for oralimmunization of foxes in Europe was cloned and sequenced.
2139267| The viral genome comprises 11,928 nucleotides and encodes the five viral proteins N, NS, M, G, and L.
3005478| BHK-21 cells readily produce tumours in athymic nude mice, but BHK-21 cells persistently infected with wild-type vesicularstomatitis virus (VSV) do not.
3005478| Cloned viruses isolated from each of these (VSV-P virus mutants) carried mutations determining the VSV-P phenotype becausethey all allowed growth of virus-shedding tumours in nude mice when they were used to persistently infect normal (unselected)BHK-21 cells.
3005478| This suggests but does not prove a role for the G protein in NK cell killing of infected cells.
1954257| Sequence of a cDNA carrying the glycoprotein gene and part of the matrix protein M2 gene of viral haemorrhagic scepticaemiavirus, a fish rhabdovirus. (title)
1954257| A cDNA clone encoding for the glycoprotein of the viral haemorrhagic scepticaemia virus, a fish rhabdovirus, has beensequenced.
2822842| Rhabdovirus sigma, the hereditary CO2 sensitivity agent of Drosophila: nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone encoding theglycoprotein. (title)
2822842| Sigma virus, the hereditary agent of a CO2-induced paralysis of Drosophila, is classified as a rhabdovirus on a molecularbasis.
2985803| A single amino acid substitution in a hydrophobic domain causes temperature-sensitive cell-surface transport of a mutantviral glycoprotein. (title)
2985803| The DNA sequence analysis showed that as many as three amino acid changes could be responsible for the transport defect.
2985803| Comparison of the predicted glycoprotein sequences from two vesicular stomatitis virus strains suggests a possible basis forthe differential carbohydrate requirement in transport of the two glycoproteins.
3033264| Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone carrying the glycoprotein gene of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, a fishrhabdovirus. (title)
3033264| The nucleotide sequence of the mRNA encoding the glycoprotein of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus was determinedfrom a cDNA clone containing the entire coding region.
3033264| The G-protein cDNA is 1,609 nucleotides long (excluding the polyadenylic acid) and encodes a protein of 508 amino acids.
1736537| As expected this substitution conferred resistance to a site IIIa monoclonal antibody (MAb), but surprisingly did notabolish neurovirulence for adult mice.
1736537| However, a decrease in the neurovirulence of the cell-adapted variant in the presence of a site IIIa specific MAb wasnoted, suggesting that neurovirulence was due to a subpopulation neutralizable by the MAb.
1736537| Altogether these results were suggestive of an intrinsic heterogeneity of street rabies virus.
2168974| Polymerase errors accumulating during natural evolution of the glycoprotein gene of vesicular stomatitis virus Indianaserotype isolates. (title)
2168974| These sequences are also compared with partial G gene sequences of VSV IND type 2 (Cocal) and type 3 (Alagoas) viruses andthe complete G gene sequences of the more distantly related VSV New Jersey (NJ) and Chandipura viruses.
2168974| As the VSV IND type 1 subtypes have diverged from the common ancestor with the NJ subtypes, their G mRNAs have accumulatedmore 3' noncoding sequence inserts, ranging up to 303 nucleotides in length.